Comparing Ralph and Jack to Show How the Characters...

Comparing Ralph and Jack to Show How the Characters Change in Lord of the Flies Golding uses many techniques to change his characters as they progress throughout the novel. The main character Ralph is a prime example of this developing character. Both of the boys arrive on the island with a certain manner. They are sensible and being from well brought up families and homes, soon start to work together in harmony on the island. The first time we encounter Ralph is at the beginning of the novel where he is described as The boy with fair hairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[He had] taken off his school sweater...[His] grey shirt tuck to his back and his hair was plastered to his forehead. The fact he has fair hair and also the quote built like a†¦show more content†¦To start with Ralph is a strong confident chief, throughout the first couple of chapters we see him making quick decisive decisions such as We will build the fire here. Fire means survival. We will keep the fire burning all day and night. We must. The use of these short sentences shows us that this is a quick, assured order. In the later chapters Ralph has started to get fed up with the once paradise of the island. When the only food that they can eat gives them terrible stomach problems, they are watching the moral and comfort of life decline. As the novel continues, Ralph begins to be questioned about his leadership. This makes Ralph nervous and unsure and he tries to keep civilisation by retaking command. Im chief. We wont have the fire anywhere but on the mountain. Ever. In this assembly fully realises the threat of Ralphs rival, Jack. Jack stats off as a friend and a supporter of Ralph and his ideas, I agree with Ralph. Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all were not savages. This is extremely ironic, as in the later chapters this is exactly what Jack and the other boys become. Jacks eyes are always used in the novel to depict his emotions, Out of this face stared two light blue eyes, frustrated now, and turning, or ready to turn, to anger. The eyes are said to be the mirrors of the soul, and we can seeShow MoreRelatedHuman Nature And Savagery In William Goldings Lord Of The Flies1037 Words   |  5 Pagesand chains of law and order are cast off, and anarchy comes in, he shows himself for what he really is. - Arthur Schopenhauer In today’s world, human behaviours are driven by the civilization preset by society. In the rare occasion that the civilization is taken away, humans unveil their true selves: animals with a savage and evil nature. In 1954, after leaving the Royal Navy, William Golding wrote his story Lord of the Flies, which focuses on a group of young boys stranded on an island afterRead MoreLord of the Flies: Compare and Contrast Ralph and Jack Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesLord of the Flies has many meanings to it that are represented through the characters and their feelings. When comparing the characters in the Lord of The Flies, you can see the obvious change in most of them from the beginning of the book to the end. The two main characters are Ralph, the protagonist and Jack, the antagonist. Ralph and Jack both have different qualities and beliefs that define each of them completely and at times make them both alike in many ways. They both represent what we areRead More The Character and Role of Simon in Lord of the Flies Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe Character and Role of Simon in Lord of the Flies At the beginning of the novel Simon is described by Golding as a skinny, vivid little boy with black, coarse hair. He is a member of the choir. The first time the boys are all together, Simon faints giving us the impression that he is physically weak. He is later chosen by Ralph to go with him on an expedition of the island. Because he is so vivid, he is chosen by Ralph and he also has something about him, which attracts attentionRead MoreThe Books Lord Of Flies By William Golding And 1984 By1841 Words   |  8 Pages The books Lord of Flies by William Golding and 1984 by George Orwell are two very different stories. One one is about a man living in a totalitarian state, and the other is about schoolboys who are unsupervised on an island. Despite their difference in setting, references, and audience, they both have an antagonist facing an ongoing battle and ends up losing. Both authors also used a drastic change in character to illustrate the symbol of power in their respective novel. Extreme dictatorship, rebellionRead MoreEssay on Symbolism in William Goldings Lord of the Flies1214 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies renders either through a character, intention, or theme. The author uses these symbols to have a greater impact on the readers’ interpretation of the novel, rather than merely revealing the idea. First and foremost, the beast and its several manifestations are few of the many signs that support deeper meanings. Furthermore, there is Piggy, one with intelligence and responsibility and one very important symbol. Finally, there are the two fires whichRead MoreEssay William Goldings Lord of the Flies4998 Words   |  20 PagesWilliam Goldings Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding tells the story of a group of boys on an island left out to self survive. The time was World War II when the plane the boys were in was shot down leaving young survivals on a deserted island without any adults. The whole story is about what happens during their stay on the island representing metaphoric ideas of humanity in each incident as Golding describes. Golding has reportedly said that he wroteRead MoreSymbolism Analysis Of Lord Of The Flies By William Golding2013 Words   |  9 Pages Symbolism Analysis of Lord of the Flies â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is a novel written by William Golding which shows the reader dark situations throughout the play of the book. In this novel, boys are completely isolated from civilization and rules. The theme portrays ‘civilization vs savagery’, questioning if civilization fade away without the positive views of rules. Lord of the Flies gives the reader an idea of how humanity’s form can shape throughout different life threatening situations. GoldingRead MoreThe Cinematic Interpretations of The Lord of the Flies by William Golding3305 Words   |  14 PagesThe Cinematic Interpretations of The Lord of the Flies by William Golding The two cinematic versions of William Goldings Lord of the Flies are very different. They still both deal dramatically with the basic theme, of a group of boys who have come from a strict and ordered background to becoming like savages, hunting, and killing like blood-thirsty animals. The book deals with issues which relate to the Cold War between the United States of America and Russia which is Read MoreComparing Animal Farm And Lord Of The Flies Present Human Nature3587 Words   |  15 PagesCompare how Animal Farm and Lord of the Flies present human nature. George Orwell and William Golding were both writers who were concerned with human nature. They both thought that human nature had been twisted but they had slightly different interpretations of what it entails. George Orwell, who published Animal Farm in 1945, was influenced quite heavily on the Russian Revolution and was portraying human nature to be something that is weak and is easily corrupted through power and money, whereasRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesCONFLICT MANAGEMENT 473 Facilities Scheduling at Mayer Manufacturing 475 Scheduling the Safety Lab 478 Telestar International 480 The Problem with Priorities 482 13 MORALITY AND ETHICS 485 The Tylenol Tragedies 487 14 MANAGING SCOPE CHANGES 515 Denver International Airport (DIA) 517 15 WAGE AND SALARY ADMINISTRATION 561 Photolite Corporation (A) 563 Photolite Corporation (B) 566 Photolite Corporation (C) 569 Photolite Corporation (D) 574 First Security Bank of Cleveland

The Issue Of Police Officers - 1105 Words

Police officers are trained professionals that help keeping the order in our society. To fight crime, is necessary to arrest people that breaks the law. However, to control citizens from breaking the law, is imperative that they arrest those who refuse to abide it. In doing so, is critical that they have knowledge of the science and technology that involves interpreting the law. Nonetheless, a balance between due process and the interpretation of the laws is complicated when we take in consideration two facts. First, the U. S. Constitution guarantees rights to accuse criminals when they are arrested. Second, because our Constitution was written more than two centuries ago, it doesn’t specify the interpretation and application of those rights in regards to the law in the 21st century. Civilian population sees police officers as protectors of those in a disadvantageous position, and trust that policemen know how to proceed in every case. Specifically for that reason in 1967 the President’s Commissioner on Law Enforcement debated if policemen needed to have a minimum of a four year college degree. Critical thinking is essential for interpreting laws in case-by-case basis, higher education serves that purpose. Is a very complicated process because there are many regulations to be followed that the Supreme Court has declared as lawful in determining the guilt of the accuse and to make sure that the due process is followed. Adding more pressure to a profession that is scrutinizedShow MoreRelatedIn Our Ever-Changing World, Mankind Has Always Been Concerned1389 Words   |  6 Pagesnote, that, police officers should not be dealing with mentally ill people. It can be seen that there has been a link between police departments and mental situations throughout our hi story. In this paper I am going to be analyzing why police officers lack training when dealing with mentally ill people. Furthermore, I am going to argue that Police officers lack of training with handling disputes with those with mental health issues. There have been many incidences where police officers interact withRead MorePolice Brutality Based On Racial Profiling1682 Words   |  7 Pagesviews law enforcement officers as heroic and honorable individuals, whose main purpose is to protect and serve the community. For many officers, this description is accurate, however for others; violence and brutality against innocent citizens is the key to getting the job done. For years, minorities have fallen victim to police brutality based on racial profiling, stereotypes and other unjustifiable reasons that has cost several innocent lives. The involvement of officers in police brutality againstRead MoreAllen V. the City of Oakland1266 Words   |  6 Pageslawsuits filed and won against the Oakland Police Department for police misconduct. Misconduct has always been an issue with law enforcement. Starting in the early years of law enforcement there were policies set to keep officers from committing these actions. In time, the policies h ave been changed, reconstructed, and updated to increase effectiveness and efficiency. To get a better view on how these policies are implemented, the actions of the police officers in Allen versus the city of Oakland willRead MorePolice Enforcement And Drug Testing957 Words   |  4 Pages Police officers play a very important role in everyday life. They represent law and order while protecting the public and fighting crime. Their main goal is to improve the quality of life for every citizen. His or her way of handling stress is tested daily by a simple traffic stop to someone robbing a bank. They have to be ready at any given moment for anything that might come their way when they get the call. Their job is challenging and it could lead them to make many mistakes or cost someone’sRead MoreEffective Communication and Police Officers1188 Words   |  5 Pagestoday because police officers could not serve the public effectively without good communication skills. A lack of t he ability to listen or to speak effectively could result in a misunderstanding. Communication plays a very important role in the lives and jobs of police officers. Communication allows officers the ability to better manage evidence by interrogating witnesses and suspects and gathering information. This allows them to make quick and informed decisions. Police officers can only succeedRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of a Police Officer Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesDilemma of a Police Officer Professions are guided by codes of ethics to aid them in performance of their duties and to ensure maintenance of high standards of conduct. Police officers are faced with a maze of obligations in the performance of their official duties. The â€Å"Law Enforcement Code of Ethics† and â€Å"Canons of Police Ethics† were created to make explicit the conduct considered appropriate for police officers and to guide them in the performance of their duties. Although police have these guidesRead MoreRacism And White Privilege Enforcement Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesPolice officers, who were once referred to as peace keepers, are now more law enforcement officers. Police agencies around the United States seem to be stuck more on quotas and creating revenue for their county or city. Making many officers strive for many unnecessary arrests. Which as a following result has brought up a lot of tension between the police and their citizens. With increasing violence in cities and states; police officers methods have slowly become more aggressive, bringing a rise inRead MoreThe Police Problem Of An Award Winning Tv Show Southland1657 Words   |  7 Pages This paper will discuss a police problem depicted in an award winning TV-show Southland. This scripted TV-show was based on lives and work of Los Angeles Police Officers. The episodes reviewed for this assignment were from season 5, episodes 1. â€Å"Hats and Bats† originally aired February 13, 2013, and 2. â€Å"Heat,† originally aired February 13, 2013. This TV-show was the first of its kind to resemble of a filming technique often seen in reality TV-shows making the show more realistic in that aspectRead MoreA Summary of Skolnicks Working Personality Essay1557 Words   |  7 PagesPersonality,† Jerome Skolnick discusses and analyzes how a police officer’s personal outlook is affected by his or her involvement in police work, creating an â€Å"us versus them† mind-set, as well as the frequent inability to â€Å"turn off† the police mentality outside of a work environment. While he states that a person’s work has an impact on his or her outlook of the world according to a recurring theme in the sociology of occupations, police work has a particularly strong impact on those cognitive lensesRead MorePol ice Brutality And Its Effects On Minority Citizens911 Words   |  4 Pagesthe news, Police have been under scrutiny for brutality, especially against minority citizens. There is no question that police officers face an extremely difficult job that puts them in life-threating situations, with split-second decisions that could be the difference of life and death. With the advent of low cost cameras, especially cell phone cameras, police are under constituent scrutiny. Is police brutality really an issue, or is it just an attempt to undermine our police officers? With American

Frequency Description Statistics

Question: Describe about the Frequency Description Statistics. Answer: Present below a frequency and relative frequency distribution for the net sales amounts for XYZ Apparel. Use the methodology presented and demonstrated in class. Bin Frequency 0 0 30 13 60 38 90 20 120 13 150 6 180 4 210 2 240 1 270 2 300 1 Bin Relative Frequency 0 - 30 0.13 60 0.38 90 0.20 120 0.13 150 0.06 180 0.04 210 0.02 240 0.01 270 0.02 300 0.01 Present below the relative frequency histogram of net sales amount according to your distributions in part 23. On the basis of the distribution you made above in part 23: a. Is this distribution skewed or not? If it is skewed, which way? Yes, the distribution is skewed. The distribution is positive skewed or right skewed Is your conclusion in question 25.a consistent with your result stated in question10? (Pick either yes or no.) If its not, explain why. Please refer to your answer to question no. 10 In general, as a class range of money, how much money is most typically spent at XYZ Apparel? Most typically, money is spent in the range of 60-90. As a percentage, generally how typical is this most typical range? 38% of the total sales amount fall in the range of 60-90 References Tsiotas, G., Statistics: Descriptive Statistics Probability. Montgomery, D.C. and Runger, G.C., 2010.Applied statistics and probability for engineers. John Wiley Sons.

Puck & Natty Essays - Stephan Jenkins, Third Eye Blind,

Puck & Natty It all began with an interracial rap group called Puck & Natty. One half of this group was Berkley graduate Stephan Jenkins. Together, this duo's fifteen minutes of fame came on the 90210 soundtack, which gave Jenkins enough to buy groceries. The group eventually split, and Jenkins was on his way. Soon Arion salazar crossed his path, and on his heels was guitarist Kevin Cadogen. Once Brad Hargraves signed on, Third Eye Blind was born. Jenkins bought out his former partner, and claimed rights to the beginning of a catchy tune that would soon stick in all of our heads. Do do doo, do do do doo, do do doo, do do do doo, became Semi- charmed Life, and launched this band right into the hands of Elektra Records. The group signed on, and began recording their debut album, which Jenkins produced himself. In 1997,the album was released and went on to sell four million copies. Third Eye Blind's debut album contains an amazing combination of poetic lyrics and edgy music that make it an experience for the listener. The song,Semi-charmed Life, may have started it all, but it soon became controversial. It was said to be, A little ditty about Crystal Meth and oral sex.(Durchholz 1). These opinions did not stop millions of people around the world from eating up the groups next single, How's it gonna be, a tune with a guitar solo that sent chills up my spine. Next came another catchy hit,Losing a whole year, followed by Jumper, a song about suicide. This song became the perfect background for PSA's. Maybe, afterall, there was more to this band than sex and drugs. This album has a bit of each of the necessary elements to becoming a hit. In fact, it has much more. Lyrically, it would take a Lit grad, such as Jenkins himself, to decipher the meanings of his words. Jenkins puts things in a different context rather than the traditional I love you, I hate you lyrics filling up the airwaves. Rather than simply saying I want to be with you, he says,I want to taste the salt of your skin(How's it gonna be). Instead of saying,I want to spend the rest of my life with you, he writes,wThere will be no regrets hen the worms come(I want you). Deciphered this means I will not regret being with you when the worms come(death). His amazing lyrical and poetical abilities hit you right in a place he was aiming for. In his own words, he wants the album to intoxicate you. Jenkins does just that with his thought provoking word choices such as happenstance, residue, caffinate and incinerate. He even includes a song called God Of Wine. The God Of Wine, or Dionysses, was the son of Zeus, and the god of intoxication and fertility. There are many ties in which I am sure lead back to his days of sitting in a chair at Berkeley. The depth of the lyrics on this album are just one piece of the puzzle that so perfectly fits together to form this band's debut album. In a day where alot of music seems to flow together and carry the same sound, 3EB captures a sound all their own. While Spin magazine claimed that they were anonymous and predictable, Third Eye Blind is just the opposite (Durcholz 3). It starts with Semi-charmed life, which carries a funky tune you can almost dance to. Each song carries it's own melody and becomes an experience in itself. Track number two, Narcolepsy, starts off slow and then comes in fast with amazing drums and lead guitar. Jenkins voice screaming nightmare over this give it what it needs to be a hit. Towards the end of the album, they surprise you once again with a completely different sound. For example, inMotorcycle drive by, Jenkins calmly almost chants the vocals and draws you in with the serenity of his voice. It was hard to believe that this was the same singer who, a few tracks earlier, was letting his insides out. Predictable? I think not. With Frontman Stephan Jenkin's lyrics and the amazing musical abilities of Hargraves, Salazar, and Cadogen, the band's debut album became a hit. The

Operation Managements in Nokia Company

Introduction Operation management refers to a field of management that oversees, designs and redesigns organizational operations in productions of goods and/services (Bicheno Elliot 1997). The field has the responsibilities of ensuring that organization operations are efficient in reference to the resources needed to meet customers’ requirements (Matthew Tan 2009).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Operation Managements in Nokia Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is concerned with management of the processes that transform or converts the inputs to outputs such as the conversion of raw materials, labor, and energy to goods and services (Bicheno Elliot 2009). The field ensures that an organization maximizes its profits while undergoing the minimum cost of production possible (Bicheno Elliot 2009). In operation management, both long and short-term business strategies begin with high-level departm ents. They â€Å"are based on careful and sound projection of demand for the product or service (Shim Siegel 1999 p2).† Operating strategies and plans start with derivation of short-term and long-term procedures in production that transform later into purchasing plans (Shim Siegel 1999). All this plans and strategies should focus on maximizing the profits and minimizing the cost of production. During formulation of the plans and strategies, the decision-makers should concentrate on the issues that focus on competitive advantage, as this will give the organization the advantage to maximizing its profits (Sheik 2003). An organization thus focuses on its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, the threats associated with its production, markets, and the finances generated (Sheik 2003). An organization must therefore focus and evaluate its decision-making tools and methodologies in order to generate plans and strategies that will enhance its achievement of the goals (Garg Venkit akrishnan 2003). In operation management, the decisions made on the order winners and qualifiers affect an organization. This paper focuses on the order winners and qualifiers of Nokia Company, evaluation of means of delivery, improvement and the potential implications of the improved orders and qualifiers. Orders Winners and Qualifiers Nokia Company deals with the production of mobile phones and their parts. In the recent years, the industry of mobile phone and their parts production has relatively grown thus increasing the competition in the market. The company has therefore focused on evaluating its order winners and qualifiers.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company gears towards achieving a competitive advantage over its competitors while minimizing its cost, maximizing its flexibility and maximizing the profits (Slack 1999). Order winners refer to those character istics that give Nokia products a competitive advantage over its competitors’ products. Order winners refer to the characteristics that persuade a customer to buy Nokia phones or parts over those of other mobile phone production companies. The order winners focus on the price or cost, quality, flexibility, product design, image, delivery reliability and speed, and after-service market (Barney 1991). On the other hand, order qualifiers refer to the aspects of competitiveness that Nokia operations management has over a particular level that customers consider (Barney 1986). Qualifiers thus give Nokia Company a name depending with the level of their performance over what the costumers consider. Similarly, Nokia Company order winning factors implicitly define its operations contributions (Barney 1991). Increase in the performance of the order winning factors increases the chances for more business while the converse results to reduced amount of business (Khanna 2007). The paper w ill focus on five order winners and qualifiers used by Nokia Company. Customer service: Nokia Company customer service provides a real time services to its customers. They handle all the customers’ queries and needs with immediate response. The company customer service gives the customers the first priority. They emphasize on treating their customers fairly as the customers are their main concern (Ake Hakan 1997). They fully understand that customers are of great importance to their company and without them, they cannot operate. The company emphasizes on honesty and treats the customers’ information with confidentiality (Ake Hakan1997). They further have a well-established database system that helps them to store their customers’ data that help them to revisit the customers’ information to clarify whether the answer they responded to the customers was right.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Operation Managements in Nokia Company s pecifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company customer service further believes on the minimizing the cost of their operation by ensuring that complains and queries from their customers are minimal by offering high quality services and easily understood instructions (Ake Hakan 1997). Quality: For Nokia Company to ensure it has a competitive advantage; it concentrates on the production of high quality products (Hill 2000). Nokia Company products are competitive in the market due to their high quality. They give a wide range of products that are of high quality that persuade many customers to purchase them. Further, most of their products have the qualities that the customers seek when purchasing their mobile phones. The Nokia Company also concentrates on the quality of these features to ensure that they have a competitive advantage over the competitors’ features. For instance, regarding their mobile phones with a camera and an in ternet connection, the Nokia Company concentrates on improving the quality of the camera and the speed of internet connections. In addition, in terms of durability, Nokia products last longer than their competitors’ products. They produce mobile phones and parts that give their customers’ service for a long time. Further, their products are mainly default free and give a 100% tolerance to faults. Delivery speed: This refers to the time taken for the Nokia Company to respond and deliver the orders once placed (Hill 2000). Since Nokia Company uses the made-to-stock products operations strategy that allows them to produce their products in bulk through maintenance of an inventory record of the finished products, they are able to give response to orders in the right time (Khanna 2007). However, even though the company has the products ready, they give respect to the customers’ orders and they cannot deliver them so earlier than the customer expects (Khanna 2007). Ab ility of the company to make deliveries at the right time gives the company a competitive advantage over their competitors.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, due to their effective customer care service, the company is able to receive the order placements in the shortest time possible. The company through their technologically improved operations allows the customers to place orders online that ensures that orders are received as soon as possible. They further encourage communication on the issues related to orders to ensure that they are meeting the customers’ needs. The company also ensures that their delivery is reliable. The company does this by ensuring that it has the maximum number of days that the delivery should take. Further, they ensure that the means of delivery that they use are reliable and cannot cause delay in the delivery of the products to the customers (Hill 2005). This gives the customers the confidence with the company that result in more business opportunities. Flexibility: Flexibility refers to the ability of the company to change easily from the production of one item to a substitution product, easily customize an output to meet a certain customer specification or requirements and the ability of the company to change its production to meet the customer demands (Hill 2005). In substitution production, Nokia Company ensures that they produce a variety of products that can substitute each other. They ensure that every product they introduce to the market has its substitution. This helps the company to have a competitive advantage as their customers always have a substitution from the company rather than purchasing substitute products from other companies. In terms of customizing the output to meet the customers’ requirement, Nokia Company similarly ensures it has a vast range of products that the customers can choose. They ensure that they have more than five products that have almost the same features but different shapes, image, color and model. This gives the customers the right to choose their favorite depending on their taste. In reference to meeting the market d emand, Nokia Company has been and is able to respond to the market changes. The company is able to produce in bulk during high demand and in less bulk during low demands. Price and cost: Nokia Company concentrates on reduction of cost of production. The company ensures that there is elimination of waste materials, labor, and facilities (Barney 1986). The reduction of production cost helps the company to offer better prices for their products. However, Nokia products are more expensive than most of its competitor’s products but the customers consider them genuine when they consider the quality of the products. In addition, the company produces in bulk that gives the company the advantage of economy of scales (Garg Venkitakrishnan 2003). This further helps the company in offering better prices to its customers. Improvement of the Order Winners and Qualifiers As mentioned earlier, the order winners and qualifiers highly predict the business of an organization. Similarly, in Nok ia Company the order winners and qualifiers predict the market and the business. The company has therefore embarked on the improvement of its order winners and qualifiers in order to have a better competitive advantage and withstand the rising competition from other upcoming competitors. In customer service, the company has started on projects to improve their customer management. The company in their research has realized that their customer service turn-around time is not as minimal as the company may opt to achieve (Barney 1991). To solve this problem, the company is working on improvement of the customers’ service by updating their database capacity, increasing the number of customer service agents and use of reliable means of communication. On the quality of the products, the company has focused on improvement of the features of the products and durability. The company looks forward to production that will meet all the customers’ needs through update of the featur es. The company focuses on the production of mobile phones that will give its customers the ability to perform all the tasks that a computer can perform. In addition, the company seeks to ensure that durability of these products is high to win confidence of the customers. The company further concentrates on simplifying its products usability to ensure that they match all market needs (Hill 2000). This is through making their products instructions precise and easy to understand that will assist all their products users. In delivery time, the company objective is to make the customers more satisfied with the company deliveries. The company has stressed on its operation strategy and is keen in the production in bulky prior to the placement of the orders to ensure they respond to the orders immediately. The company has recommended improvement of the inventory technology that will help it in bulky production. In addition, the company seeks to ensure in future that there is no even a sing le delay in the delivery of the products to customers. The effort of the company is to ensure that customers are satisfied with the delivery of the products to the market (Slack 1999). This also involves the reliability of the channels used in the delivery of the products to customers. In flexibility, though the company has been able to adapt to the changes in the market, the company objective is to produce more substitute products and introduce them to the market. This will give the customers a variety to choose from that will ensure the company ability to sustain its customers. This will further ensure that Nokia Company is able to compete with other mobile phone production companies that produce products that would substitute their products. In addition, the company is looking forward to the improvement of the methods used to collect customer requirements rather than only depending on their customer service. This aims at achieving a more elaborate customer requirement through mar ket researches that will help them to focus on the customer needs (Barney 1986). This will strengthen the company and customer relationship as the customers will have a feeling of a company that cares for their needs. After the collection of this data, the company will concentrate on transforming the customers’ requirements into products. In pricing, the company’s objective is to offer prices that match the customer ability. To respond to their normally more expensive prices, the company has concentrated on reduction of production cost and production in bulk. The reduction on production cost will consequently lower the products price in the market (Barney 1991). In addition, the company has focused on introduction of more products with different pricing in the market. The price differences will help customers to purchase the products that best suit their ability. Potential Implications of Improved Order Winner/Qualifiers Order winners and qualifiers affect the performa nce of the business. An improvement in the order winners and qualifiers will have an improvement in the business performance. The improvement of Nokia order winners and qualifiers similarly will have an impact on the organization supply chains. Supply chain refers to the channels and processes used in transferring products from the producer to the customers (Rangaraj 2009). This may include the people, activities, organization, resources, and activities involved in transferring the products from the producer to customers (Rangaraj 2009). An improvement in the order winners and qualifiers results to an increase in the number of customers, which consequently affects the chain supply. The increase in customers means that the supply chains must be able to meet the customer demand (Seuring 2003). This causes an increase in the supply chains, the level of their profit margins increases and their management becomes more complicated as they work towards meeting the customer demands. They th erefore work on sustaining the delivery of products in the market through improvement in the management and operations. The improvement in order winner and qualifiers further affects the supply chains in the sense that the supply chain has to improve to meet the needs of the market. The improvements in supply chain must address the strategic supply chain, supply chain planning, logistics, management of product lifecycle, applications of enterprise chain supply, procurement and asset management meant to match the changes in order winners and qualifiers (Seuring 2003). The failure to have a well-planned improvement in the supply chains management will consequently affect the delivery of products to the customers. Conversely, lack of improvement in order winners and qualifiers has impacts on supply chains. Lack of improvement in order winners and qualifiers means less business for the Nokia company products. It consequently affects the supply chains, as the market opportunities are few . This causes collapse of some of the chains, failure in management due to lack of resources, shift of the market to the competitors and poor profits margins due to lack of market for the Nokia company products (Rangaraj 2009). Conclusion In any organization, operation management is very crucial. The decisions made by the managers and the people in this field or department might affect the operations of a whole organization positively or negatively. The department is concerned with the production, the conversion of the labor, materials, and energy into finished products. In addition, the department is concerned with the minimization of production cost and the maximization of profits and flexibility. The department focuses on decisions for improving the order winners and qualifiers that really affect the performance of the business. The failure of the decision, plans, and strategies made by this department means the failure of an organization. It is therefore important for every orga nization to hire competent personnel to run the department. Evaluation and validation of decision-making tools related to this department is of great important before the application. References Ake, H Hakan, Y 1997, The firm’s and its customers’ views on order-winning criteria, International Journal of Operations and Production Management vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1006–1019. Barney, J 1986, Organizational culture: Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage? Academy of Management Review 11: pp. 656–65. Barney, J 1991, Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management 17: 99–120. Bicheno, J. Elliot, B 1997, Operations management: An active learning approach. Blackwell Publishers Inc, Malden, USA. Garg, V Venkitakrishnan, N 2003, Enterprise resource planning: Concepts and practice, Prentice-Hall of India Private limited, New Delhi. Hill, T 2000, Manufacturing strategy: Text and cases. 3rd ed, Irwin McGraw-Hill, Boston . Hill, T 2005, Operations management strategic context and managerial analysis, Second Edition, Palgrav, USA. Khanna, R 2007, Production and operation management, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. Matthew, R Tan, K 2009, Operations strategy in action: A guide to the theory and practice of implementation, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Rangaraj, N 2009, Supply chain management for competitive advantage, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, New York. Seuring, S 2003, Strategy and organization in supply chains, Physica-Verlag Heidelberg, New York. Sheik, K, 2003, Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II): With introduction to ERP, SCM, and CRM, McGraw-Hill companies Inc, New York. Shim, J Siegel, J 1999, Operations management, Barron’s Educational Series, Inc, New York. Slack, N 1999, The Blackwell encyclopedic dictionary of operations management, Blackwell publishing Inc, Malden. This report on Operation Managements in Nokia Company was written and submitted by user Barbara Berry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Irish English

Definition and Examples of Irish English Definition Irish English is a variety of the English language that is used in Ireland. Also known as Hiberno-English or  Anglo-Irish. As illustrated below, Irish English is subject to regional variation, especially between the north and south. In Ireland, said  Terence Dolan, Hiberno-English means that you have two languages in a kind of unruly shotgun marriage together, fighting all the time (quoted by  Carolina P. Amador Moreno in How the Irish Speak English, Estudios Irlandeses, 2007). Examples and Observations Irish (or Hiberno-English) has distinctive varietal features of pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar, although patterns vary considerably between North and South and East and West. In grammar, for example, . . . I do be is a habitual present tense and the form after is used in Irish English to record a completed act or to express recency: thus, theyre after leaving has the meaning of they have just left.(R. Carter and J. McRae, The Routledge History of Literature in English, 2001)[A]lthough the knowledge of Irish among the majority is, in general, very poor, there is a curious habit of flavouring ones speech by adding a few words from Irish, what is sometimes called using the cà ºpla focal (Irish couple of words) . . ..Sugaring of ones language with Irish words must be distinguished from genuine loans from Irish. Some of these are long attested such as colleen Irish girl, leprechaun garden gnome, banshee fairy woman, all part of sentimental Irish folklore.(Raymond Hickey, Irish En glish: History and Present-Day Forms. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Northern Irish English I’m afraid rural dialects in the south carry a stigma of being unacceptable to educated people, whereas in the North I have heard doctors, dentists, teachers and lawyers lace their speech with either Ulster Scots or Northern Irish English. Examples of Northern Irish English: Seamus Heaney has written of glar, soft liquid mud, from the Irish glr; glit, meaning ooze or slime (glet is more common in Donegal); and daligone, meaning nightfall, dusk, from daylight gone. I have [heard] daylight-falling, day-fall, dellit fall, duskies and duskit, also from Derry. (Diarmaid Ó Muirithe, Keep Your Ears Open and Youll Have a Sonsy Holiday. The Irish Times, Aug. 26, 2009) Southern Irish English Some well know known characteristics of the grammar of southern Irish English include the following: 1) Stative verbs can be used with progressive aspect: Im seeing it very well; This is belong to me. 2) The adverb after can be used with a progressive where a perfective would be used in other varieties: Im after seeing him (Ive just seen him). This is a loan translation from Irish. 3) Clefting is common, and it is extended to use with copular verbs: It was very well that he looked; Is it stupid you are? Again, this shows a substrate effect from Irish. (Michael Pearce, The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Routledge, 2007) New Dublin English The term Dublin English may refer to any one of the varieties of the  English language  used in Dublin, Ireland.   -  There can be little doubt that the spread of features of new  Dublin English  has accelerated considerably in the past few years. . . . Apparent time study of Dublin English shows that female speakers over 30 do not always, and those over 40 rarely, have the features which are so indicative of new Dublin English. In the recordings for  A Sound Atlas of Irish English  nearly all females under 25, whose self-image appeared to be one of urban modernity, showed the new  pronunciation. . . . [W]e are dealing here with a fairly unified, structural realignment of the entire  accent  of southern Irish English and not just one or two minor changes in pronunciation. (Raymond Hickey,  Dublin English: Evolution and Change. John Benjamins, 2005) -  The changes in  Dublin English  involve both  vowels  and  consonants. While the consonant changes seem to be individual changes, those in the area of vowels represent a coordinated shift which has affected several elements. . . . To all appearances this started about 20 years ago (mid 1980s) and has continued to move along a recognisable trajectory. In essence, the change involves a retraction of  diphthongs  with a low or back starting point and a raising of low back vowels. Specifically, it affects the diphthongs in the PRICE/PRIDE and CHOICE  lexical sets  and the monophthongs in the LOT and THOUGHT lexical sets. The vowel in the GOAT lexical set has also shifted, probably as a result of the other vowel movements. (Raymond Hickey,  Irish English: History and Present-Day Forms. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Also  See Characteristics of Irish-English GrammarDouble PluralDublin EnglishEnglish Around the World: Irish-English GrammarIt-CleftNotes on English as a Global LanguageRelativization

Mini research proposal Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mini proposal - Research Paper Example Whereas indigenous people in Libya face danger of extinction due to modernity, the same happens to the Canadian indigenous people. This has made me develop profound interest in the study of the environmental issues affecting aborigines in Canada. More importantly, my research will primarily focus on the ethical issues involving Canadian aborigines as the modern community competes with the indigenous community for their indigenous environment. The Canadian aborigines comprise of Metis, First Nations, and Inuit. First Nations, however, refers to other indigenous communities that are neither Inuit nor Metis. Canadian Inuit inhabit the Canadian arctic region however, there are other Inuit belonging to neighboring countries such as U.S, and Denmark (Rankin, 2011). The Metis are approximated to be 4000 in number. However, they are distributed in different parts of Canada. Unlike the modern society, indigenous people primarily depend on the natural resources for survival and Canadian aborigines are no exception. Canadian aborigines derive their autonomy and cultural identity by the way they naturally interact with their natural habitats. For instance, many Canadian aborigines are still characterized by their subsistence farming, hunting, fishing, and gathering. Although Canada has continually embraced modernity, Canadian aborigines still prefer retaining their autonomy by sticking to their native culture and native way of life as opposed to the modern generation that prefers modern lifestyles (Peterson, 1995). Modernization has posed a serious threat to existence of Canadian aborigines due to encroachment of their indigenous natural habitats (Dupuis, 2002; Tough, 1997). For instance, the Inuit inhabiting the Canadian arctic region are already experiencing the effects of global warming (Peterson, 1995). The Inuit are experiencing a habitat stress as they are being pushed further into

The importance of education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The importance of education - Essay Example The experiences of my life have made me understand the importance of the value of availing the right opportunities at the right time. They have made me realize the importance of education and career in the life of an individual. I did not value the importance of education when I was young and I wasted many important years of my life but with time and age I realized the importance of succeeding in education for the purpose of attaining a secure and bright future. My parents recall that ever since I was a young child, I was very bright and naughty. I used to hide things and throw them just for the purpose of annoying others. After I joined school, I made friends and they were as careless as I was with my studies. I was complained for regularly by the school authorities owing to my mischievous conduct at school. But these complaints did not alter my behavior and habits and I stayed the same. Thus, in grade one I was held back. This did not lead to any improvement. I continued my educati on and I still remember that all my teachers used to tell my parents that I was a very difficult child.

Phase 3 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Phase 3 Individual Project - Essay Example The addict exhibits some changes in sleep and appetite patterns, with a loss in weight (Henderson, 2012). The individual deteriorates in physical appearance, and he exhibits a foul body odour. By studying their behavioral attitudes, an addict’s attendance and performance in academic affairs or employment significantly drops. He engages in suspicious behaviors, and has unexplained need for money. He portrays some violent behaviors, and has a sudden change of friends. Psychologically, an addict has a change in attitude and personality. He exhibits tendencies of outbursts of anger, and unnecessary mood swings. He lacks motivation, and is always anxious and fearful. Specifically, the following are the warning systems that a person is abusing marijuana. The individual has some red and glassy eyes. He exhibits some characteristics of unnecessary laughter, which is followed by sleep. A marijuana abuser losses interest, lacks motivation, and experiences some elements of weight loss. People abusing depressant drugs are always sleepy, and they do not have a clear sense of judgment. They are slurred in their speech, and clumsy. Those who abuse Heroin show some signs of contracted pupils, and loss of appetite. They vomit, sweat and cough a lot, with some signs of needle marks. There are numerous symptoms of drug abuse, and just like the warning signs of drug abuse, the symptoms of drug abuse vary. There are also some general symptoms of drug abuse, which are reflected on anyone using these drugs (Pagliaro and Pagliaro, 2012). The general symptoms of a person using drugs are, a change in behavior, for instance of a person was characterized by a sense of calmness, he starts to exhibit some elements of violence. The individual portrays some unexplainable mood swings, with unstable emotional conditions. That is at one time he is jovial, the suddenly he becomes gloomy. He gets unconcerned

A Study On Cumene Plant Engineering Essay

A Study On Cumene Plant Engineering Essay The system considered for study, simulation and optimization is a cumene production plant. The process described by Peterson and Schmidt is taken as base for simulating the system. The process description of Turton et al. (2003) provides relevant and valuable data required for the simulation of the process. Raw materials fed to the plant are benzene and propylene (may contain propane as an impurity) in which benzene is in excess. Various unit operations and processes are required to be taken care of which are described in some detail below. The major units in the process plant are the reactor section and the separator section. 1.2 RELEVANCE Isopropyl benzene popularly known as cumene is the principal chemical used in the production of phenol and its co-product acetone on an industrial scale. It is also the starting material in the production of acetophenone, methyl styrene, diisopropyl benzene and dicumyl peroxide. Minor uses of cumene include as a thinner for paints, enamels, and lacquers; as a constituent of some petroleum-based solvents, such as naphtha; in gasoline blending diesel fuel, and high-octane aviation fuel. It is also a good solvent for fats and resins and has been suggested as a replacement for benzene in many of its industrial applications. Around 98% of cumene is used to produce phenol and its co-product acetone. However, the requirement of cumene is largely dependent on the use of phenol’s derivatives which have resulted in increasing requirement rates for cumene. The largest phenol derivative is bisphenol-A (BPA) which supplies the polycarbonate (PC) sector. PC resins are consumed in automotive applications in place of traditional materials such as glass and metals. Glazing and sheet uses, such as architectural, security and glazing outlets, are also important PC applications. The third largest use for PC is optical media such as compact discs (CDs) and digital versatile discs (DVDs). Another phenol derivative is caprolactam which is used mainly to make nylon 6. It is mainly the resin sector of the nylon market that is seeing growth. [Schmidt, 2005] Cumene is produced by the alkylation of benzene with propylene over an acid catalyst like aluminium chloride, boron trifluoride, phosphoric acid, hydrogen fluoride, supported phosphoric acid (SPA) etc. The usage of the above catalysts poses a lot of problems like product quality, lower catalyst activity, environmental hazard, catalyst non-regenerability etc and has been replaced by zeolites in most of the processes. In the present work the cumene production plant is simulated using ASPEN PLUS  ® and the sizes, the temperature and other relevant parameters are obtained by optimization. MATLAB ®, MS Excel and Origin Pro 8.0 are used to plot graphs in the following simulation from which an optimum value is estimated. The optimized values obtained can provide a lot of insight before actual plant commissioning is done. 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT Considering the importance of the present process, work was undertaken to design and simulate the cumene production process using ASPEN PLUS  ® software. The objectives of the present project are following. To design a zeolite catalyst based cumene production process and study the sensitivity analysis. To optimize the contents of the flow sheet for minimization of loss of material along with a greater production of cumene and low requirement of energy. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 CONVENTIONAL PROCESS Cumene is produced by the alkylation of benzene with propylene over an acid catalyst. Catalysts like aluminium chloride, boron trifluoride, hydrogen fluoride and solid phosphoric acid (SPA) are normally used. Over the years these catalysts have given way to zeolite based catalysts. There are some inherent problems associated with the conventional acid catalysts. Disadvantages of using solid phosphoric acid (SPA) Process Lower activity Catalyst non-regenerability Unloading of spent catalyst from reactor difficult Relative high selectivity to hexyl benzene Significant yield of DIPB Disadvantages of using Aluminium chloride as catalyst High corrosion Environmental hazard Washing step for catalyst removal. 2.2 CURRENT INDUSTRIAL PROCESS Cumene is an important chemical in the present industrial world and its uses are steadily increasing. The process followed for the production of cumene is the catalytic alkylation of benzene with propylene and now a days zeolite based catalysts are used in place of the normal acid based catalysts due to added advantages. Cumene production process has been greatly studied and the reaction mechanism and the reaction kinetics have been specified by many researchers. Both experimental as well as computer based simulation and optimization studies have been carried out by various researchers. The significant works of various researchers which have been helpful in my project are described in brief below. The Q-Max â„ ¢ process converts a mixture of benzene and propylene to high quality cumene using a regenerable zeolite catalyst. The Q-Max â„ ¢ process is characterized by a exceptionally high yield, better product quality, less solid waste, decrease in investment and operating costs and a corrosion free environment. The Q-Max â„ ¢ process developed by UOP uses QZ-2000/ QZ-2001 catalyst which is a variant of ß zeolite. [Schmidt, 2005] 2.2.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION The Q-MAXâ„ ¢ process provides a very good cumene yield and quality. The QZ-2000 zeolite based catalyst used in the Q-MAXâ„ ¢ process operates with a low flow rate of benzene and hence investment and utility costs are reduced greatly. QZ-2000 is non-corrosive and regenerable, avoiding the significant maintenance and catalyst disposal problems associated with SPA and AlCl3 systems. Compared to other zeolite based cumene technologies, the Q-MAXâ„ ¢ process provides better tolerance of feedstock impurities, the highest cumene product quality and excellent stability. The Q-MAXâ„ ¢ process flow scheme is shown in fig 2.1 above. The alkylation reactor is divided into four catalytic beds present in a single reactor shell. The fresh benzene feed is passed through the upper-mid section of the depropanizer column to remove excess water and then sent to the alkylation reactor. The recycle benzene to the alkylation and transalkylation reactors is a drawn from the benzene column. This mixture of fresh and recycle benzene is charged through the alkylation reactor. The fresh propylene feed is split between the catalyst beds and is fully consumed in each bed. An excess of benzene helps in avoiding poly alkylation and minimizing olefin oligomerization. Because the reaction is exothermic in nature, the temperature rise in the alkylation reactor is controlled by recycling a portion of the reactor effluent to the reactor inlet to act as a heat sink. The inlet temperature of each downstream bed is further reduced to the same temperature as the first bed inlet by injecting a portion of cooled reactor effluent between the beds. Effluent from the alkylation reactor flows to the depropanizer column which removes the propane that entered with the propylene feed along with excess water. The bottoms stream of the depropanizer column goes to the benzene column where excess benzene is collected overhead and recycled. The benzene column bottoms stream goes to the cumene column where the cumene product is recovered overhead. The cumene column bottoms stream, predominantly diisopropylbenzene (DIPB), goes to the DIPB column. If the propylene feed contains excessive butylenes, or if the benzene feed contains excessive toluene, butylbenzenes and/or cumene are distilled out and purged from the overhead section of the DIPB column. The DIPB stream leaves the column by way of the side draw and is recycled back to the transalkylation reactor. The DIPB column bottoms consist of heavy aromatic by-products, which are normally blended into fuel oil. Steam or ho t oil provides the heat for the product fractionation section. The recycle DIPB from the overhead of the DIPB column combines with a portion of the recycle benzene and is charged downflow through the transalkylation reactor. In the transalkylation reactor, DIPB and benzene are converted to more cumene. The effluent from the transalkylation reactor is then sent to the benzene column. The new QZ-2001 catalyst is utilized in the alkylation reactor while the original QZ-2000 catalyst remains in the transalkylation reactor. Expected catalyst cycle length is 2–4 years, and the catalyst should last for at least three cycles with proper care. At the end of each cycle, the catalyst is typically regenerated ex situ via a simple carbon burn by a certified regeneration contractor. However, the unit can also be designed for in situ regeneration. The Q-Maxâ„ ¢ process typically produces near equilibrium levels of cumene (between 85 and 95 mol %) and DIPB (between 5 and 15 mol %). The DI PB is separated from the cumene and is reacted with recycle benzene at optimal conditions for transalkylation to produce additional cumene. [Schmidt, 2005], [Peterson and Schmidt, 2002] 2.2.2 REACTION MECHANISM AND KINETICS The following reaction mechanisms are proposed for the alkylation of benzene to cumene process. The major reactions taking place are alkylation and trans-alkylation. The other reactions involved include isomerisation and dis-proportionation. The reaction mechanism as well as the reaction kinetics may vary depending on the catalyst used. The reaction can proceed by with or without carbonium ion intermediate. [Ding and Fu, 2005] The rates of reaction data was obtained for different catalysts from the work done by various researchers. The kinetic data and the reaction conditions specified by Turton et al (2003) for a particular catalyst have been used in the present work. The reaction kinetic data is shown below Propylene + benzene à   cumene K = 2.8 Ãâ€" 107 E (kJ/kmol) 104174 Rate=kcpcb Propylene + cumene à   p-diisoproyl benzene K = 2.32 Ãâ€" 109 E (kJ/kmol) 146742 Rate=kcpcc (The unit for rates is kmol s-1 m-3) [Turton et al, 2003] Trans-alkylation reaction K= 6.52 Ãâ€" 10-3 exp (27240/RT) The equilibrium data for trans-alkylation reaction is obtained for modified zeolite beta catalyst, YSBH-01. [Lei et al, 2007] From various works on cumene production mechanism the overall reaction can be assumed to consist of the following stages. Alkylation Isomerisation Transalkylation Dis-proportionation 2.3 PROPERTIES OF CUMENE Description: Colorless liquid with a sharp, penetrating aromatic or gas-like odour [Budavari, 1989; Cavender, 1994] Boiling Point: 152.4 °C [Lide, 1995] Melting Point: -96.0 °C [Lide, 1995] Density: 0.8618 g/cm3 at 20 °C [Lide, 1995] Refractive Index: 1.4915 at 20 °C [Schulz et al., 1993]; 1.489 at 25 °C [Lewis, 1993] Solubility: Insoluble in water; miscible in acetone, benzene, and ethanol [Lide, 1995] Flash Point: 39 °C, closed cup [Budavari, 1989] Reactivity: Combustible [Lewis, 1993], not compatible with oxidizers, nitric acid and sulphuric acid. 2.4 PROCESS DESIGN BASICS Process design is a very important aspect before any project implementation as a proper design during the initial stages can save costs to a great extent. The cost involved in designing a project is very less compared to the construction cost and it can be greatly helpful in maximizing profits of the plant as well as providing a safe environment. The plot shown in Fig. 2.2 gives a brief idea of how proper plant design can cut costs to a great extent. The following points need to be taken care for a proper process design. Raw material cost reduction. Selectivity of reaction is increased by proper use of catalysts. Increasing selectivity can reduce separation and recycle costs. Capital-cost reduction. Better flow sheeting can reduce capital costs effectively Energy use reduction. Pinch point analysis is used for energy saving. Increased process flexibility. Process plant should be able to handle a range of feed compositions. Increased process safety. Nonlinear analysis can be done to make the process safer. Increased attention to quality. Reduction of by products and the effective use of process control equipment can lead to process safety. Better environmental performance. Minimization of harmful wastes to the environment. The order in which designing should be done follows a systematic procedure as shown in Fig 2.4. A process simulation diagram is drawn from the process flow diagram. The chemical components are specified. The chemical component properties are generally available in a standard data base. The input streams are specified. Thermodynamic modelling is done. Series of simulations are run for convergence of a particular variable. Sensitivity analysis which consists of varying the sampled variables as a function of the manipulated variables is normally done. The major parts of a cumene production plant are reactor system, separation system and they are optimized. CHAPTER 3 DESIGN: PROCEDURE, RESULT DISCUSSION This chapter is divided into two main parts as (i) Reactor and (ii) Separator. The reactor design involves design of equilibrium based reactor as well as kinetic based reactor. The separator system involves the design of flash tank and distillation column. As the product purity is increased by increasing the working cost of the reactor, the separation cost decreases and vice versa. The sequence of computation followed is shown in Fig. 3.1. 3.1 REACTOR DESIGN Reactor is the heart of a chemical process plant. Design of a reactor requires data from thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, mass transfer and economics. A properly designed reactor can minimize the production of unwanted products and hence reduce the purification costs. The alkylation and trans-alkylation reactors are the main reactors in a cumene production plant and they need to be designed for optimum use of material and energy. In all the optimization work done Douglas Doctrine (the costs of raw materials and products are usually much larger than the costs of energy or capital in a typical chemical process. Therefore the process must be designed (investing capital and paying for energy) so as to not waste feed stocks or lose products (particularly in the form of undesirable products) is followed. [Luyben, 2010] Kinetic model can be considered if accurate kinetic data is available. But a plant involves industrial reactors that are very complex and hence a proper combination of stoichiometric and kinetic reactor needs to be used. Kinetic model can determine the production rate where as stoichiometric model can describe the formation of by products and impurities necessary for the design of separators. Equilbrium based reactors like RGIBBS in ASPEN PLUS ® can give a realistic idea about the maximum achievable performance. They work accurately for fast reactions. The RGIBBS reactor predicts the equilibrium concentration by Gibbs free energy minimization. [Dimian, 2003] Generally in reactor design an equilibrium model is prepared and then the kinetic model. The following reaction mechanism was proposed by various researchers for alkylation of benzene by cumene. 3.1.1 REACTIONS CONSIDERED FOR MODELING Alkylation propylene + benzene à   cumene (1) propylene + cumene à   p-diisoproyl benzene (2) Isomerisation p-diisopropyl benzene à   m-diisopropyl benzene (3) Trans-alkylation p-diisopropyl benzene + benzene à   2 cumene (4) m-diisopropyl benzene + benzene à   2 cumene (5) Disproportination 2 cumene à   p-diisopropyl benzene + benzene (6) 2 cumene à   m-diisopropyl benzene + benzene (7) 3.1.2 REACTOR DESIGN PROCEDURE IN ASPEN PLUS The feed is a mixture of benzene and propylene such that benzene is in excess. In general propylene is not available in the pure form and has some amount of propane as inert. The separation cost of propane is high and hence normally propane is not removed from the propylene feed into the reactor. A high conversion of propylene is desired and the unreacted propylene can be flashed off along with the inert propane. RGIBBS reactor works by Gibbs free energy minimization. Alkylation and trans-alkylation reactors need not be modelled separately as they can be combined into one equilibrium reactor. The reactant, products as well as the intermediates as seen from the reaction mechanisms are specified into the component list. SYSOP0 or Ideal property table is used. A temperature range of 300 to 400 degree Celsius is specified and a proper temperature chosen. Pressure of 25 atm is chosen from previous industrial research work. [Luyben, 2010] 3.1.3 EQUILIBRIUM STUDIES The equilibrium is affected by the temperature as well as the benzene/propylene mole ratio. The alkylation and transalkylation reaction is usually carried out at atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the effect of pressure on the equilibrium was not considered in the present study. Seven reactor models are available in ASPEN PLUS. The equilibrium based RGIBBS reactor is used to find the product composition at which the Gibbs free energy of the product is minimum. The restricted chemical equilibrium approach is used and the reactions mentioned above are specified. The temperature approach for an individual reaction is used. The feed stream mole flow is set as 1 kmol / hr and the feed stream consists of benzene, propylene and propane (inert mixed with the propylene stream). Amount of inert in feed is kept fixed. The reactor temperature is set to 3500C and the reactor pressure is set to 25 atm. (a) The selectivity of cumene and conversion of propylene (limiting reagent) is studied by varying the benzene/propylene mole ratio in the feed keeping the amount of inert fixed. The effect of temperature variation (300–4000C) on the selectivity and the conversion is also studied. (b) Again, the variation in the selectivity of m-DIPB and p-DIPB with temperature and b enzene/propylene mole ratio in the feed is studied. The conversion and selectivity were calculated using equations 8 to 11. %Selectivity of cumene = Fcumeneproduct /(Fpropylenefeed-Fpropyleneprod) ´100% (8) %Conversion of propylene = (Fpropylenefeed-Fpropyleneprod)/Fpropylenefeed  ´ 100 % (9) %Selectivity of m-DIPB = Fmdipbproduct/(Fpropylenefeed-Fpropyleneprod)  ´100% (10) %Selectivity of p-DIPB = Fpdipbproduct/(Fpropylenefeed-Fpropyleneprod)  ´ 100% (11) Where Fcumeneproduct = molar flow rate of cumene in product Fpropylenefeed = molar flow rate of propylene in feed Fpropyleneprod = molar flow rate of propylene in product Fmdipbproduct = molar flow rate of m-DIPB in product Fpdipbproduct = molar flow rate of p-DIPB in product RSTOIC reactor model was used to find the standard heat of reaction for different reactions 1 to 6 mentioned above. The standard heats of reaction have been tabulated in Table 3.1.1. The heat of reaction for isomerisation was found to be zero as expected. The all other reactions were found to be exothermic except trans-alkylation reactions as observed from the table. Table 3.1.1 Standard Heats of Reaction Reaction Number Standard Heat of Reaction (Kcal/Kg mol) 1 -23.670 2 -24.321 3 0 4 0.649 5 0.649 6 -0.325 7 -0.324 Effect of temperature and benzene/propylene mole ratio. The effect of temperature and benzene/propylene mole ratio on equilibrium conversion of propylene and selectivity of products, cumene, m-DIPB, and p-DIPB is shown in Fig. 3.1.1. The conversion of propylene was found to increase with increase in benzene/propylene mole ratio for a fixed temperature as observed from the Fig. 3.1.1(a). This is because of reduced proportion of propylene in feed. However, variation of conversion of propylene was found to be negligibly small above the benzene/propylene mole ratio in feed of 3. The conversion of propylene was found to decrease with increase in temperature for a fixed benzene/propylene mole ratio as observed from the Fig. 3.1.1(a). This is because of the fact that overall heat of reactions is exothermic as shown in Table 3.1.1. The selectivity of cumene was found to increase with increase in benzene/propylene mole ratio at a fixed temperature as the polyalkylation reactions are reduced because of excess amount of benzene present in the feed (Fig. 3.1.1(b)). Again, with increase in temperature, the selectivity of cumene increases for a fixed benzene/propylene mole ratio as transalkylation reactions (endothermic, Table 3.1.1) are dominant at high temperature. The distribution of m-DIPB and p-DIPB is shown in Fig. 3.1.1 (c). From the figure it was observed that selectivity of m-DIPB is significantly higher than p-DIPB. This is because of the fact that m-DIPB is thermally more stable compared to p-DIPB. Therefore, p-DIPB formed in alkylation reaction isomerises to more stable meta isomer. Effect of inert on equilibrium. The propylene stream used in alkylation process is usually obtained by pyrolysis of petroleum fractions that contains small amount of propane as impurity. Propane need not be removed from the propylene stream as it acts as an inert and does not take part in the reaction. Presence of inert has very slight effect on the conversion as well as selectivity as shown in Fig.3.1.2. The conversion of propylene decreases slightly with higher volume percent of inert in feed and increases slightly with the same. 3.1.4 KINETICS BASED REACTOR MODEL Kinetics based rate data was obtained from the work of various researches and is mentioned above. A RPLUG model is used in ASPEN PLUS to model the reactor. The design model specified in the book by Turton et al (2003) is used. The reactions occur in the vapour phase in the presence of a solid catalyst (assumed to have 0.5 void fraction and a 2000 kg/m3 solid density). The reactor is run at high pressure (25 bar) since the moles of reactants are more than the moles of product (Le Chatelier’s principle). A temperature of 360 degree C and a benzene/Propylene mole ratio of 6 is used. A flow rate of 330 kmol/hr is used for the simulation. The kinetic model generated few errors such as RPLUG exited because integration failed. index = (-1) probable cause is incorrect kinetics. check rate-constant parameters and molar volume calculations. 3.1.5 PRODUCT OUTPUT FROM REACTOR Assuming the RGIBBS model for the initial calculations for distillation columns can give a good idea about the distillation process in a cumene plant. RGIBBS model with an input feed rate of 100 kmol/hr and benzene: propylene feed ratio of 6:1 with an inert concentration of 5% in propylene stream, temp. of 360 degree C and a pressure of 25 bar is used. The flow rates obtained at the product side are noted.The non condensable components in the product side i.e. propylene and propane are removed in flash tank. These components have fuel value only as they cannot be completely purified. So the reaction conditions should be so adjusted that the propylene in feed is totally converted to the product. The concentration of non-condensable components from reactor is given in Table 3.1.2. This data is used for further designing. Table 3.1.2 Mole flow rate of components from reactor Component Mole Flow kmol/hr Benzene 72.85 Cumene 10.31 m-DIPB 1.77 p-DIPB 0.47 TOTAL 85.4 3.2 PREDICTING VLE CHARACTERISTICS Reactors and separators can be considered as the back bone of any chemical process plant. The cost optimization of any plant depends largely on the reactors and the distillation columns. The basis of distillation is phase equilibrium that may be VLE (Vapour liquid equilibrium) and LLE (Liquid liquid equilibrium). Before designing any distillation equipment the VLE characteristics need to be studied as they give a fair amount of idea about the ease of distillation. The Txy diagram or temperature versus liquid composition (x) and vapour composition (y) are plotted. A fat curve generally shows that the liquids in a mixture can be easily separated. The boiling point data of the three major components in the distillation column is shown in Fig. 3.2.1 below. Table 3.2.1 Boiling point of components Component Boiling point in degree Celsius Benzene 80.2 Cumene 152.4 DIPB 209.8 The product stream from a condenser tank is sent to a distillation column. RADFRAC model is used. In the industrial process three distillation columns are used i.e benzene column, followed by cumene column and DIPB column.The RADFRAC model is a rigorous model for various multistage liquid vapour fractionation operations and hence is used for the simulation Before going in for the design of the distillation column the VLE diagrams need to be considered. The industrial processes currently followed show that in the 1st column benzene and cumene need to be primarily separated and in the 2nd column cumene and DIPB need to be separated. The NRTL (non random two liquid) physical property package is used used to plot the vapour liquid equilibrium T-XY for Benzene-cumene and Cumene-DIPB systems. The VLE plots are shown in Fig 3.2.1 to 3.2.3 for different systems. It can be inferred from plots Fig. 3.2.1 to 3.2.3 that separation would be easy and a distillation column with fewer trays and a smaller reflux ratio can be used. Azeotrope is not formed. Flash distillation should be tried as separation is easier. 3.3 FLASH DISTILLATION TANK DESIGN Distillation is tried using flash tank as the cost of operation is very low. FLASH2 model is selected. SYSOP0 property method is selected, which works by ideal or Roult’s law. Pressure of the flash tank is set as 1 bar. The input flow rate is same as mentioned in Table 3.1.2. The minimum boiling point in the mixture is that of benzene at 80.2 degree C at 1 atm and hence a temperature of 85 to 97.5 is considered for flashing. The mole fractions of benzene and cumene in the bottom and top products are found out at various flashing temperatures and plotted in Fig. 3.3.1. Assuming a product purity of 95% benzene in the top product the flashing temperature is identified to be 92.5 degree C. The flow rates from the flashing tank is shown in Table 3.3.1. Table 3.3.1 Concentration of products from the flash tank 92.5 degree C Benzene Cumene m-DIPB p-DIPB BOTTOM Product 18.951865 7.89384963 1.68473832 0.45287993 TOP product 5.39E+01 2.41615031 0.08526167 0.01712006 The flow rates of Table 3.3.1 act as a feed to the benzene column. 3.4 BENZENE DISTILLATION COLUMN DESIGN 3.4.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE RADFRAC-1 is selected for designing the Benzene distillation column. SYSOP0 property method is selected and the flow rates from Table 3.3.1 are used. The pressure is kept fixed at 1.75 bar and the temperature is kept fixed at 90 degree Celsius. These two variables are obtained from the experimental data specified by Turton et al (2003). These temperature and pressure data have been used in the work by Luyben (2010). The variables that can be optimized are reflux ratio, number of feed trays, feed tray location and distillate rate. In the initial assumption the distillate rate is kept at half the value of the feed rate. A total condenser is used in the process and an equilibrium based approach is used. 3.4.2 REFLUX RATIO OPTIMIZATION The number of trays (including boiler and condenser as a tray) is kept fixed at any value say 15. The feed tray is varied keeping the number of trays fixed. Now for each different ratio of number of trays to feed tray a series of reflux ratio starting from 0.1 is considered. The process is run and the mole fraction of benzene in the top product as well as the reboiler heat load data are used and a graph is plotted as shown in Fig 3.4.1. Reflux ratio is optimized by the variable mole fraction of benzene in the top product. An optimum reflux ratio value of about 0.5 is identified from Fig 3.4.1. At higher values of feed tray location (close to reboiler) lesser reflux ratio is required. Note that condenser is considered as the first stage and the rebolier as the last. 3.4.3 FEED TRAY LOCATION OPTIMIZATION The reflux ratio is kept fixed at 0.5 and the number of trays is kept fixed at 15. The position of the feed tray is varied and its affect on the reboiler heat load and the mole fraction of benze

Development of the American Experience, Thomas Jefferson

This passage is found on page 136, left column, fourth paragraph. This passage is used by Thomas Jefferson to argue on the necessity of establishing a government to replace the old structure of governance erected and maintained by the British crown. The passage establishes the basis for the dissolution of the American people’s â€Å"political bands†(Jefferson 136) and affiliation with Great Britain by stating that although changes in the government should never be taken lightly, it is unfortunate that many people are likely to prefer and even tolerate the wrongdoings and evil deeds promoted in the existing system for the sake of familiarity.In general, people are afraid of the disruption brought about by systemic changes because they are afraid of uncertainty. However, they have to realize that it is their right to initiate changes in terms of government when there is enough reason to do so, such as wanton abuse of power of leaders or corrupt practices or â€Å"wheneve r any form of government becomes destructive† or poses a hindrance to the achievement of human rights to â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† (Jefferson 136)Jefferson observes that the prevailing conditions under the governance of the â€Å"present king of Great Britain† points to such circumstance of â€Å"injuries and usurpations† (Jefferson 137) which have severely impeded the political and social life of the American people. Clearly, Jefferson uses this line of argument to convince the people of the morality of self-governance and of declaring independence vis-a-vis the state of being enslaved and virtually dependent on the British for political, social, and economic sustenance.By acknowledging the doubts and difficulties that surround the decision to break the ties with the long time British ruler, Jefferson and his followers wanted to arouse a sense of righteous anger in the face of the historical abuses committed by the king and his g overnment. For instance, he reminds his audience of how the British king has â€Å"plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, & destroyed the lives of our people.† (138)In effect, Jefferson encourages his audience to rise up against the tyrannical form of government imposed by a foreign ruler through the systematic use of violence and violation of human rights. In bringing up the general hesitance of the populace, Jefferson mocks and prods them into recognizing the validity of separation and of establishing their own government as a last resort in the face of the continued refusal of the British king to petitions for redress.(139)It is evident from Jefferson’s â€Å"The Declaration of Independence† that the need to form an independent government is made inevitable in order to protect the inherent rights of the American people from another government which is exploitative and tyrannical. Undoubtedly, it is through this concept of tyranny in governan ce that societies are able to form their own distinct ideas of what a government or the state of social relations should be like.Thomas Jefferson would later expound on the meaning of tyranny through religious bigotry and intolerance when he proposes the passage of an act to establish religious freedom as a human right. (141) The necessity of enacting legislation to prevent religious tyranny, which presupposes the superiority of a single religion over others and promotes the propagation of religion through coercion and imposition of religious ideas and opinions over others, shows that the government functions as a regulatory mechanism for guaranteeing human rights, including ensuring that one’s human right does not deprive another of his or her rights.Thomas Paine argues, for instance, thatâ€Å"government, even in its best state, is a necessary evil† (133) to demonstrate that government only becomes a social necessity when the members of society have become too corrup ted and too selfish so that they must be forced to acknowledge and perform their obligations toward others in order to experience peace and security, or when the people experience misery because of the intrusion of the government of another people.In many ways, both Jefferson and Paine’s conception of the role and relevance of the government as a social institution bears resemblance to the concepts explored by Rosseau in his thesis on the Social Contract, wherein he traces the historical roots of the birth of societies and governments, and describes the ideal relationship between the government and the people or the sovereign. Like Rosseau, Jefferson and Paine condemns the impulse towards tyranny that promotes the clash between the minority and majority interest, as represented by the tendency of the few to promote their selfish interests at the expense of others.This is exemplified in Jefferson and Paine’s account of the American experience under British rule, wherein both authors find the American people fully justified in announcing separation and in establishing â€Å"a government of our own† as â€Å"our natural right. † (Paine 135) Rosseau’s influence on the conception of nationalism on American thinkers such as Jefferson and Paine is also evident in the concepts of territory and the boundaries of private and social property that the authors use to justify the call to revolt against British colonization.This is clearly stipulated in the reasons that Jefferson and Paine enumerates, wherein they invoke the inherent human right to self-determination. (Ibid) Indeed, Jefferson’s argument on the right of the people to â€Å"alter or to abolish† a government based on its inability to protect the rights of the citizens and when it becomes an impediment towards the realization of full human development was made at a time when people lacked the confidence to believe that they were capable of governing themselves.How ever, Jefferson’s concept of the right of the people to a government that fully reflects and represents their collective interests and aspirations continues to resound to this day, when new forms of tyranny and new forms of oppression persists, oftentimes under the cloak of democracy or for the pursuit of human security.It is not a stretch of the mind to note the persistence of social problems such as intolerance and discrimination based on religion, gender, or social status, or the continued poverty experienced not only by the American people more so by the rest of the world, that effectively prevents the full realization of human rights and potentials that Jefferson and Paine have so boldly championed, and on which the democratic ideals of American society were built on.

Fosdick Case Study Essay

1.How should Fosdick respond to the immediate situation? Fosdick should respond to the immediate situation by contacting Robert Easter letting him known the situation and asking how he would like to handle the situation. 2.What controls, of the types discussed in this chapter, might have been used by Red Spot Markets to reduce or eliminate the problems discussed in the case? Red Spot can have the products to continuously move through the process to reduce or eliminate the problems discussed in this case. If the packages are continuously moving through the process the package will not be sitting and the employees chances will be lessen for theft. 3.What longer-range steps should Fosdick take to control the operations of the Providence distribution center? Fosdick should try revamping the inventory control process by changing the process so the packages can continuously move in and out. He should also restructure the employee shifts and lunch schedules so there will be continuous operations throughout the day. 4.What longer-range steps should Fosdick take to improve the Providence distribution center’s productivity? Long Range Steps: †¢Implement a reward system that will provide the employees with a bonus (financial or time) to push more packages through the system †¢ Implement modern technology to gage and monitor employee performance by utilizing handheld devices †¢Replacing current employees 5.What longer-range steps can Fosdick take to reduce the distribution center’s high rate of shrinkage? Reduce shrinkage †¢Provide employees with a safe and secure way to report employee theft where they are able to remain anonymous. †¢Placing a severe penalty program in place for theft or even attempted theft †¢RFID tags †¢Placing items up high that must remain in the warehouse overnight and locking the forklifts making the merchandise not easily accessible for pilfering. †¢Placing seals on the merchandise and having each handler inspect the seal and document the status of the seal as it passes through each handler. 6.Assume that Fosdick decides that the practice of free lunches from the opened cases of goods must be stopped. Develop and present the arguments he should give in a meeting with the union shop steward. I have noticed the employees are opening some of the boxes and taking items to make their lunch. I do not believe this is in the best interest of the company and it is considered pilfering. I assume these employees have been doing this for quite some time since when I stumbled upon what they were doing, the remark I received was â€Å"this was a non-contract fringe benefit†. This should not be the case since this is a loss in inventory within the company. I believe there are other ways to compensate employees and this is not one of the ways. 7.(This is a continuation of Question 6.) Assume, instead, that you are the union shop steward. Develop and present your argument that the free lunches represent a long- standing employee benefit enjoyed by the distribution center’s employees and that management’s attempt to stop them is a breach of an unwritten contract and will be resisted. Mr. Fosdick, we understand your sincere concern for company productivity and success; however, we are unable to do anything about your request at this time. We allow our employees to free lunches on the company as it represents long term employee benefits and stopping them will be a breach of an unwritten contract and will be resisted. This is one of the small things we allow to occur as it leads to happy employees and good productivity. 8.Much of the situation described in the case seems to evolve around the personality of T. D. Bigelow. How should he be treated? Why? T.D Bigelow should be handled according to company policy. He should understand his role and operate in his role toward company success. This should be done as an example to the other employees since they are watching and will follow what they believe one person is allowed to do.

Enigma Machine essays

Enigma Machine essays The German Light Cruiser Magdaboard ran around the Baltic sea, the Russians that were in that area captured the ship and found in it the German Navy Secret code book. The British used it to decode German Navel messages, so that they would know what the Germans were going to do next. When the war was over the British told the world that they had found the Germans code book, which made the Germans realize that code books were not a good way of getting such important messages around. So they decided that In Berlin man made an encoding machine available on the market, named the Enigma Variations. You press a letter on the keyboard and a different letter is typed. Each time you press that letter the letter that comes out changes. It has so many approximately 3(10114) different variations. The Polish had the insight that the codes could be deciphered by mathematicians. Bartramp photographed the keys to break Enigmas codes, and sold them to the Polish. The Germans later added two more roters, and they found out that they needed help, so they brought a bunch of really smart people together to see if any of them could find a way to break the codes. One man found a way to build a machine that would take the encoded message and come up with every possible out come for it. And all they would need to do is look through them and find out the one that makes sense. All the mathematicians couldnt break it, and this was the only way that they found that was possible! "The work of Enigma required enormous concentration and at least eighty intercepts collected on the same day, using the same setting on the German cipher devices" [Kozaczuk]. This machine looks alot like a typewriter, but it has an extra panel built into the lid. Twenty-six circular glass windows in the panel, were the keys which had the letters of the alphabet on them, just like the ...

The Calcutta Chromosome Science Fiction and Technology essays

The Calcutta Chromosome Science Fiction and Technology essays This novel was written by a social anthropologist, Amitav Ghosh, who is also a skilled literary craftsman when it comes to the precision and clarity of his narrative style. So, knowing his anthropological background and expertise, a reader goes into a book with a little different sense of anticipation; science will surely be a prominent part of the books theme. And also, I am enjoying reading the novel and observing the two types of cultures Western and Eastern cultures and how each of those cultures views and responds to technology and science. The plot is made very interesting in a diverse way, because there are characters whose cultural backgrounds are very different from the places and cultures that they are living in; for example, far from his real cultural place of residence is Antar, an Egyptian (Eastern culture), who resides in Manhattan (western culture). His job is to research artifacts (from many cultures) through the medium of cyberspace, which is a kind of other-worldly technology culture that allows individuals of all cultures to interact digitally, but never to actually speak verbally to one another, see one another, or pass judgment other than through the written word. Meanwhile, keeping to a diversity of east-west cultural contrasts, Ghosh stumbles across the image on his computer screen of an Indian whose name is Murugan, who is presumed to have disappeared in 1995, and was considered an obsessive researcher in regard to the life and scientific achievements of a Britisher named Ronald Ross, known as Sir Ronald Ross, since he was given that title by the Queen of England after winning the Nobel Prize for science. Murugan, according to a review in the Christian Science Monitor (Rosenberg, 1998), was an engaging character an obsessive verging on madness, but also a raconteur with a delicious instinct for lifes absurdities in general and colonial hypocrisy in particular."...

Critically review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critically review - Essay Example Moreover, their access to recent and new technology is limited. In many occasions only the elites of particular under-developed countries have access to technological. The rest of the country is confined to living in of abject poverty by living lives without the vital necessities like purified water, proper shelter and clothing (James, 2001:148). Therefore, if the developing nations would exploit the advantages offered by information technology (IT) by being integrated in the global economy, they would also be conversant with the many characteristics together with the resulting impulses they would propagate. This is because IT alters the way global competition is carried out and locational behavior of the multinational corporations. Since competition is a continuous technological revolution, it requires new principles and concepts that are beyond those offered by traditional national comparative advantage. As a result, the information industry has led to technological transformations and growth of the whole economies. In addition, competition is characterized by fast technological changes, intense global competition, and uncertainties. Consequently, these characteristics need that; you know the anticipation of the core capabilities, continuous technological learning, exact timing of entry into the market, and finally developing of the supporting institutions (James: 2001:148-9) According to James (2001:149-150) the pattern of globalization in the Third world countries has shown that it has led to the deterioration of foreign trade. This is because the overall ratio of trade to GDP n the past decade has been on the rise for the developing countries.. The Third World countries that are seeking to enter the global market now have already been left behind. The huge amounts of cash flow and general capital are required to establish a true presence in the global market; as a result many Third World nations have not yet generated the necessary capital and domestic con ditions so as to be strong competitors in the current world of neoliberal trade. Moreover, globalization is partly due to the factors that are unrelated changes in technology and IT in particular. As result, the most important of these factors is the liberal approach to both international trade and foreign investment that adopted in many countries, both developed as well as the developing. Developing nations have not been able to fully reap the potential benefits that are available through globalization. As a result this has left them much less subjected to the downsides of globalization like sweatshops and pollution According to Craig, David and Porter (2004:45-7) assert that international trade levels have been depending on costs of transport but also on the communication costs between the sellers and the buyers in the different countries In fact, the two distinct mechanisms through which globalization is being driven by a reduction in costs of communication. The more obvious mech anism is that because of the technologies like the digital switching, fax machines and Internet. Therefore, information about the already traded goods can be passed on between the countries more cheaply than it was hitherto possible. This manifests among other ways, the growth of electronic commerce between various businesses, digital goods delivery and the retail sale of

A Subsidiary Company in a European Union Country Essay

A Subsidiary Company in a European Union Country - Essay Example But currently, the industry has become multinational with a giant turnover. The clothing industry is among the most competitive and also most profitable ventures. It provides employment opportunities directly and indirectly to millions of people worldwide. Currently, in the United Kingdom some of the leading clothing companies include Aquascutum, Aston Bourne, Austin Reed, Barbour, Bertie.co.uk, Elvi, Dorothy Perkins, Monsoon, I Love Cashmere, Next, and countless others. The competitive environment in this industry is very high because of the enormous number of clothing companies in the market. Clothing companies have various challenges they experience which include increased expenses for operating costs and raw material. When the global economy weakens, it affects the clothing industry majorly because people tend to not purchase new clothes. The effects have been seen whereby some industry players do fallout during these periods. But when the economy strengthens the industry also improves. Rapid fashion and trend changes and changing customer preferences can also pose a significant challenge to the industry. Next, a clothing company in United Kingdom headquarters in England, designs, manufactures and supplies clothing, footwear, and home accessories. It has over 700 stores spread across the globe. Next boasts 200 stores in the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. Other 597 stores are found in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Next was founded in the year 1964. It has approximately 54,507 employees (2013). In the year 2013, the company recorded a profit of  £508.6 million. Next plc’s business strategies include developing and upgrading Next products, improving the company’s financial strength by promoting secure financing structure and increasing the number of online sales globally.