Interview With Sports Organisation Leader Essay

Part I: Interview Questionnaire 1. Briefly describe your current position and its duties and responsibilities. I am the treasurer to the Mid-Crest Panthers. My responsibilities include ensuring safe custody of all the organization funds and assets as well as handling all financial matters in the organization. I am also a member of the board in which most decisions of the organization are made. 2. How long have you held this position? 3. What is the leadership structure like in your organization? This organization has a board which is the main decision making body. The board is made of the president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, athletic director, cheer coordinator, football director, parent coordinator, and fundraising coordinator. The organization also has team coaches which head various teams. However, all these leaders work in union as far as coordination of the club is concerned. 4. Who are some of the primary stakeholders of this organization? The primary stakeholders include customers and fans, management, coaches, staff, youth and parents. 5. How do you strive to meet the needs of the stakeholders? All stakeholders are represented in board meetings where they give their opinions of what whom they represented would like to see happens in the organization.   I also note this down and ensure that their needs are met as much as possible while still considering all decisions made by the board. 6. How would you describe your leadership style? My leadership style is including others views in carrying out duties entrusted to me. It is democratic leadership. Coming up with ideas and then letting other opinion into these ideas. 7. How important is leadership to the success of your organization? Leadership is very important. It gives the guideline of what activities to be carried out, how and when they will be carried out. It also comes up with strategies of financing these activities. It unites all stakeholders of the organization. It also gives solution to various problems that faces the organization as far as daily activities are concerned. The leadership monitors the organizations activities and gives direction for the necessary actions. 8. What do you feel is the most important aspect of leadership? Most aspect of leadership is to understand people you are leading and their needs- what they need, and then come up with appropriate way of solving these problems. 9. What are some of the significant changes your organization has undergone? The size of this organization has greatly increased over the past years. The organization has also increased its network with other organization in its effort to ensure reliable club funding and participating stakeholders. 10.   What role did leadership play in these changes? The leadership comes up with policies that will enhance this and then present them to the stakeholders as they seek support of the same. 11.   What methods do you use to resolve conflict or resistance to change? Method of solving conflict depends on what kind of conflict is at hand. There are some conflicts which are solved by the team leader, the board or both. Opinions from different members are also given priority so as to avoid conflicts. Dialogue is employed so as to solve many conflicts and rule of majority is also employed. 12. What advice would you give someone entering a leadership position for the first time? One should be ready to work extra hard than the people he/she is leading, understand their needs, including their weaknesses and strengths and be ready to listen to their opinions. Part II: Interview Summary According to this interview, it is clear that a leader is not a person who makes decisions and imposes them those he/she is leading. Success of a leader greatly depends on the relationship he/she has created with those he/she is leading. It is not enough to make decision on how to lead an organization, it also calls for great effort to sell these ideas to all stakeholders so as these decisions may be well implemented. This interview has also changed my view about this organization. I have come to understand that it is a big family where cooperation of all stakeholders is emphasized. All stakeholders are well informed of all activities going on in the organization. It is not a place where stakeholders receive policies from the top management; it is a place where all of them are involved in decision making e.g. in this organization, board members consist of representatives from all stakeholders. As the main decision making body, it is certain that decisions made will involve opinions from all stakeholders. This interview also enriched my knowledge about leadership. As a leader I should have ideas about how to handle a certain situation, but I should also make sure this is supported by the majority and also enrich these ideas from opinions of all stakeholders. In case I was in leadership position, I will consider others opinions very important for my success as a leader. I will equally respect all staff to this organization and support decisions made by the board.

All but My Life

History 121 Book Analysis â€Å"All But My Life† February 15, 2013 All But My Life All But My Life is a memoir about a young Jewish girl, Gerda Weissmann, who was able to endure the hardships of World War II and the Holocaust. Gerda went through and saw more horrific things in the matter of a few years than any of us will ever have to face in our lifetimes. The fact that a girl this young and hopeless can withstand so much pain but yet contain so much strength should be an inspiration to all. Reading this book really opened my eyes to what the world can bring.After reading Gerda’s journey, I will never again complain of times being tough or depressing in my life. This book really meant a lot to me for that very reason. It is amazing that no matter what Gerda had to face in those years she would constantly be looking forward. Regardless of the circumstances she pushed forward and longed for the time that it would all be over. As the book is coming to a close Gerda writes , â€Å"As I Finish the last chapter of my book, I feel at peace, at last. I have discharged a burden and paid a debt to many nameless heroes, resting in their unmarked graves. A burden is a heavy load and Gerda definitely had one to get off her shoulders. Up until this book Gerda was never able to tell anyone her full journey. She wasn’t able to share the times spent with the friends she made during the hardships of the Holocaust. The debt she paid to many nameless heroes was that she was able to get the story out to people. Gerda was able to share first hand experiences to people that just may not understand the fight these young girls and other Jewish people put up during these years.The book had to be written because Gerda knew that her journey needed to be told because of the small amount of survivors there were. She was one of the lucky ones who were able to gather the strength to get through this horrific time in history. Thus, as much as she wanted to probably forget , the book had to be written. In my opinion All But My Life was written to and for anyone who wants to be moved by a strong and inspiring young girl. Also it was written for those who were unable to survive the Holocaust.For those who will never be able to share their hard fought journey and are now just another number to total of lives lost during the Holocaust. Gerda’s long and eventful journey didn’t just take place in one location or even just one concentration camp for that matter. Her journey had several stops along the way and consisted of days and days of traveling in the harshest conditions. The journey of Gerda’s story begins in September of 1939 in her hometown of Bielitz, Poland (4). Bielitz is where Gerda spent roughly the first sixteen years of her life (43).In the early summer of 1942 Bielitz is Judenreined which means free of Jews basically. Gerda and her family are split and to travel in different directions. Gerda is headed toward Sosnowitz, Po land and gets there in June 1942 (96). From Sosnowitz, Gerda is sent to her first concentration camp in Bolkenhain, Germany (113). While at Bolkenhain, Gerda worked thread machines day in and day out; however, all in all the girls were treated pretty well at Bolkenhain compared to other concentration camps. Gerda would later found out that Bolkenhain was like heaven in comparison to what was to come.Soon Gerda and the rest of the girls are sent to another concentration camp called Marzdorf in September of 1943 (145). Marzdorf was nothing like Bolkenhain and was purely miserable for Gerda. Luckily Gerda doesn’t spend a great deal of time at Marzdorf and soon ends up in Landeshut during the month of September of 1943, another concentration camp with ten other girls originally from Bolkenhain (152). After spending some time threading supplies for the German army in Landeshut, Gerda is transported to her final concentration camp in May of 1944, Grunberg (166).After spending a sig nificant amount of time in Grunberg the group is transported toward Germany. Gerda feels that the end of the war may be very near. As the march continues on the group ends up in helmbrechts barracks in the spring of 1945 (194). The group spends about a month in the barracks of Helmbrechts with less than half the amount of people left than they had started with. With just a couple hundred girls remaining the mere group left heads toward Czechoslovakia (201).In May of 1945 Gerda and a handful of others arrive in Volary as the war slowly comes to an end (207). During her journey, Gerda is influenced by numerous people. Some she knew prior to leaving Bielitz and others she met along the way. All of which influenced every one of Gerda’s actions. Gerda would lose all of these people except for one. Gerda’s brother, Arthur, may have been the most influential person to her. He was there since her childhood and they acted as best friends. When Gerda was sixteen she saw her brot her for the last time as he was called to leave Bielitz (21).Gerda had enormous love for her family and her mother and father and also Niana were also very influential to her. Her father was her salvation. If not for what he had told her about suicide she may not ever have had the will power to go on with the cruel experiences of her journey. However, Gerda’s parents do not survive the Holocaust and she sees them and Niana for the last time in the summer of 1942 (92). Prior to leaving Bielitz, Gerda has what I would say is her first boyfriend. Abek is always caring for Gerda although she never really loves him.He too would not survive the Holocaust. As a child, Gerda and Isle meet and they are bestfriends. They spend nearly the whole journey together until Isle passes away days before the war ends (205). During her travels from camp to camp Gerda also makes really good friends with Suse and Liesel. These were two girls were there to help each other through the hardships of th e Holocaust. Suse died the day of liberation (213). While moving to further shelter Liesel also passed away (215). During Gerda’s time at Bolkenhain she meets in my mind her avenging angel, Frau Kugler.Although the Frau Kugler was thought to be sort of an enemy, she saves Gerda’s life and they develop a sort of friendship. However, once deported to a new camp they never see each other again (137). Once the war ends Gerda meets Kurt Klein. Kurt is an American soldier that feels for Gerda for he too lost his parents due to the Holocaust. The two grow strong feelings for each other and Kurt is partially the reason for Gerda’s fast and strong recovery. The two eventually move back to America and get married (246).When Gerda and Kurt meet for the first time she is simply confused. She wonders why he cared so much about her. She couldn’t figure it out. As time passed they met again and she loved seeing him. While apart she longed for the next time they would un ite. I didn’t expect the hand of fate in this story. I expected for Gerda to end up having feelings for Abek. However, Kurt was the one for her. While at the concentration camps Gerda encountered several guards. I was surprised by how many of the guards did what they could to help the victims as much as possible.Their motivation must have been fear of what could have happened to them if they did not treat the Jews like animals. I can not think of any other reason someone could possibly think what was going on was ok. During Gerda’s time in the Holocaust she is somehow able to gain strength to continue on while others are not able to. It was the words of her father that kept her from committing suicide even during the most gruesome times. The only thing that kept her positive was the thought that someday she might see her family again and be able to return to her home in Bielitz, Poland.The title, All But My Life to me means something very simple. Gerda Weissmann Klein endured thousands of things as a teenager. She saw many horrific and breathtaking images. Met numerous friends along the way, but none of it was life to her. She went through everything but none of it was a normal life. I thoroughly enjoyed this book and it has truly touched me. My simple reaction is just amazement of how a girl can endure so much and still continue on with life with a positive outlook. This book will change the way I value life itself.

Evidence Base Practice

Discuss how evidence -based practice is applied in your practice setting and describe the desired outcome achieved through this approach. â€Å"Evidence-based practice is an interdisciplinary approach to clinical practice†.(â€Å"Evidence-based practice,† ) Its purpose is to improve the quality of patient care and patient outcomeIn critical care unit the area in which I practice, evidence based practice is implemented for reduction and prevention of critical illness such as neuromyopathy. To accomplish this, a supportive treatment approach has been implemented. The treatment of all sources of inflammation is aggressively executed. Potentials for infections is addressed by early removal of Foley’s, discontinuation of iv lines when no longer needed, Peripheral iv changed every 72 hours, and picc lines are removed when it is evident that the patient is febrile for 24 to 48 hours. Another treatment approach is early weaning of patients on mechanical ventilator.The en tire interdisciplinary team is involved in a mobility plan for all patients admitted on the unit. Early weight-bearing and ambulation is encouraged. Control of schedule for mobilizing patients out of bed is the responsibility of members in the physical therapy department. Each patient may be up for about two hours, the number of patients to be up and the time they should be up is posted for both day and night shifts. For vented patients, the Respiratory therapist, the nurses and the nursing assistant together as team is responsible for getting these patients out of bed. Strict attention is placed on the patient’s nutrition in order to restore muscle mass. Critical illness neuromyopathy is a major complication in critical care unit patients, affecting peripheral nerves muscles and neuromuscular junction, resulting in muscle weakness and paresis.â€Å"Early mobilization or kinesiotherapy have shown to result in muscle weakness reversion in critically ill patients. This provide s faster return to function, reducing weaning time, and length of hospitalization†. (Pattanshetty and Gaude) This treatment regime has been in effective from the beginning of 2013 and according to reports given at weekly interdisciplinary meeting there has been marked improvement in patient outcome. The weaning process is less prolonged. Patients have less functional disability and there has been a decline in the infection rate.

Abdellahs theory of Practice Model of Nursing Research Paper

Abdellahs theory of Practice Model of Nursing - Research Paper Example Among the gains of nursing theories in the practice, include that they aim to describe, explain and predict a phenomenon of nursing (Meleis, 2011). Thus, through such theory, it is easy for the nurses to identify the cause of suffering of the patient, and relate accordingly in explaining or predicting the condition the patient is suffering. Therefore, this aspect of nursing theory helps in simplifying the work of the nurses and reducing repetitive work within the practice. Thus, it speeds operations within the working of the nurses who practice application of the theories of nursing (Meleis, 2011).   Secondly, nursing theories provide the foundations; they help in generating further knowledge and indicating the direction of developing nursing in the future, within the nursing practice. Therefore, in view of this, the nursing theories facilitate the learning process of nurses even at work as it helps them decide what they know and do not know. Thus, the nursing theories direct and d etermine the future practice of nursing and facilitate increment of knowledge in the practice, enhancing the quality of service delivery in the practice (Meleis, 2011). Moreover, nursing practice explicitly describes nursing, thus, helping to distinguish the basis of the practice. This constitutes benefits such as enhancing the professional status of the nurses, facilitating better patient care, improving the communication between nurses to nurses and nurses and patients. In addition, it facilitates guidance for further research and education.

LTC Administrators and Alzheimers's Disease Essay

LTC Administrators and Alzheimers's Disease - Essay Example According to the Alzheimer’s Association of America, 5.3 million Americans have this disease in 2015 (Alzheimer’s Association of America, 2015). The ages for the affected individuals varies as 5.1 million of them are above the age of 65 while 200,000 are under the age of 65. The Association also states that two-thirds of the affected are women. The figures state that from the 5.3 million affected individuals 3.2 million are women while 1.9 are men. In addition, the number of patients is expected to grow each year as the proportion of Americans who are above the ages of 65 continues to grow. It is projected that by 2025, the number of people suffering from Alzheimer’s will have increased to 7.1 million and by 2050, the numbers will have already reached 13.8 million people. This is an alarming prediction since such numbers will hamper any form of research, and the chances of obtaining a medical breakthrough will be very slim. Alzheimer’s has no known cure, but there are medications if administered, can help the patients to cope with the disease (Newport, 2013). When the symptoms appear, it is advisable see a physician or a neurologist to plot the next course of action. A majority of diseases irrespective of their scope can be managed if detected early. Individuals living with Alzheimer’s need specialized care, and there are a few options for the families of the affected. They included home health care, nursing homes and assisted living facilities. Nursing homes provide personal and custodial care to the individuals who cannot do it themselves. Nursing homes are not the primary facilities for taking care of Alzheimer’s patients as well as other individuals with acute illnesses. Nursing homes bring about complaints from both the patients and the caregivers. Patients might feel that their autonomy had been eroded since they have no freedom

The Goal novel - Supply Chain Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Goal novel - Supply Chain Managment - Essay Example The other way is to identify the hidden capacity within the plant be it in the machineries or the workers and utilize them. Alex identified that the goal of the plant and which he has to attain is to make money (Goldratt & Cox 46). In order to meet his goal, he will need anything that will bring him closer to attain it that is anything productive and identify all the bottlenecks preventing the attainment of the goal and do away with them. Managerial decision making is not an easy chore and it requires patience and a lot of team work. The manager also needs to seek advice from those with experience and try an all rounded approach for better results. Jonah was giving advice that was far too difficult and technical for Alex and it made him work even harder to figure it out, run the plant in the meanwhile and all these at the expense of his family. The more time he took to figure out Jonah’s advice, the more time his personal life

Air pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Air pollution - Essay Example This paper will discuss air pollution and its various aspects. According to Lbl.gov, there are various major  kinds  of pollution, which produce renowned  effects on the well-being and health  of individuals and the environment as a whole. These pollution types include the discharge of such toxic gases as chemical vapors, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Once these gases get into the environment, they can become involved in advanced chemical reactions leading to the formation of  acid rain and  smog. Other serious implications include the development of holes in the ozone layer as well as greenhouse effect. The other type of air pollution, which results from fuel combustion for energy, involves the discharge of  particles  (particulate matter) into the air. These particles are tiny pieces of matter, which measures roughly 0001 inches. An excellent case in point of this  kind of particulate matter is diesel smoke. This kind of pollution is also kn own as black carbon pollution. Smoke from burning fuels in industries, homes, and automobiles, is a main source of air pollution. It is also believed that burning charcoal and wood in barbeques and fireplaces can as well discharge into the air significant amounts of soot. Liu explains that the common sources of air pollution include industrial facilities, motor vehicles emissions, household combustion devices, forest fires, mold spores, and pollen among others. According to him, these sources fall into two main categories, namely natural and human sources (15). The natural sources of air pollution include volcanic activity that lead to the production of ash particulates, chlorine, sulfur, carbon monoxide and smoke from wildfires; and dust from natural sources that are usually large areas with no or little vegetation (Chapman and Rob 23). Human sources of air pollution result from human activities that contribute to air pollution. One of the main sources of air pollution that results from human activity is from manufacturing facilities, waste incinerators, and power plants and other forms of fuel-burning heating devices (Gurjar 33). Aircraft, motor vehicles, sound equipments, and marine vessels are the other sources of air pollution from human activities. Military activities such as toxic gases, nuclear weapons, and germ warfare can be the other source of air pollution. Controlled burn practices and chemicals used in forestry management and agriculture are the other sources of air pollution resulting from human activity (Colls 27). Pollutants are the substances that cause air pollution. Pollutants that are of major public health and environment concern include ozone, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide (Liu 18). Pollutants are classified into two main categories: primary and secondary. Primary pollutants are those that are emitted directly from a process such as sulfur dioxide from manufacturing facilities, the carbon monoxi de from the motor vehicle, or ash from volcanic eruption (Gurjar 36). Example of primary pollutants include carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, ammonia, radioactive pollutants,

Child Verbal Abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Child Verbal Abuse - Research Paper Example When a child is verbally abused, several negative emotional and psychological problems arise, especially at the most critical stages of his development. One of the outcomes is that he is likely to develop interpersonal difficulty which defines a personality disorder characterized with the sense and emotions of doubt, guilt, mistrust and inferiority (Johnson et al. 16). It also entails a distorted way of thinking as well as behaving. For people who were verbally abused as children, they usually suffer from personality disorders as adults. This negative emotional effect caused by verbal abuse can be linked with increased risk of fanatical and irrational behavior from childhood even to his adulthood. Alloy defines negative cognitive style as a characteristic way of attributing the causes of negative life events to stable, internal, and global factors (e.g. I did not pass my exam because I am stupid), inferring negative consequence (e.g. I will never make it in life) and making self-critical judgments of ones character (e.g., I am not worthy), with Beck adding that it also involves having dysfunctional attitudes and maladaptive self-schemas (qtd. in Sachss-Ericsson et al. 72). The child suffers low self-esteem and belittles himself to the point where he does not see his sense of worth. This cognitive style may result to the child getting into depression as he advances into maturity. Besides parents, the teacher is one of the people a child spends most of his time with. As a result of this, there develops a teacher-child relationship which largely influences the child’s social skills, behavior with other children, his academic performance, as well as the emotional aspect. Brendgen et al. say that a child, who has a negative relationship with the teacher instigated by verbal abuse will adversely be affected, with the likelihood of missing out on learning opportunities as well as suffering behavioral

Case Study Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Study Leadership - Essay Example A leader has the responsibility to converse, confer and also influence others to do things. A leader also has to be a role model for others to follow. A leader has to create a benchmark in order to inspire others to follow the footsteps and try and achieve the desired success. The leader also can be a guiding factor or mentor for the entire team to guide them towards a successful outcome which will benefit not only the leader but also the entire organization. The leader has to organize and collaboration and bring together other people in such a way that the goals of the organization are achieved in the best possible way. In the case of Performance Management in Policing, there has been a change in the performance management system as the desired police station was being operated by a centralized performance management system. Inspector Lonsdale is the district officer who is expected to provide the performance report of her district to commissioner twice in a year. The main problem as identified in this case study with regards to leadership is that the officers who are within the Lonsdale’s district have a doubt regarding the new performance system. They have a feeling that the new system is a conjure idea of senior management. This is a problem because officers are not finding the new performance management system as fruitful. They think that it won’t have any serious impact on the success of the organization. In the case of Performance Management in Corrections, Gary Hart leads a team of correctional officers. The main problem identified in this case is with regards to performance management. The leader of the team Gary finds that one of his team members has been engaging himself in poor work performances. This is a problem because such poor performance will influence others if proper measures are not taken by the management.

Pets Rights in Hawaii Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pets Rights in Hawaii - Annotated Bibliography Example The purpose of the research is to find out the level of the abuse of pets in Hawaii. This information will help in determining the best way towards protecting the rights of animals in the state. Many cases of the violation of pets' rights in Hawaii have been reported, and this research will come up with recommendations on how best to address issues of violation of pets' rights. There have been different discussions about the rights of pets in the US, but this research will offer solutions on how to reduce the cases of violation of the rights of pets. The research will rely on journal articles, news articles, documentary films and interviews to gather information about the rights of pets in Hawaii and other places. Many people have written scholarly articles that discuss the cruelty that animals have been exposed to and how their rights are being addressed in modern days. News articles and documentaries will offer current information concerning cases of mistreatment of animals and how animal activists have pushed for laws to protect animals. The researcher will interview 3 animals' activists in Hawaii and 2 others in other US states to give their views about animals' rights in the US.  The issue of the rights of animals has caught the attention of many people and authorities around the world. The research will try to find out some of these laws and groups that agitate for the rights of pets and the level of abuse of pets' rights in Hawaii and other states in the US.  

The Art Fund in International Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

The Art Fund in International Studies - Essay Example Prior studies in this field, have recorded the impacts of international relations on the technology, international law, economics, history, philosophy, social work, geography, criminology, anthropology, gender studies, psychology and cultural studies. These studies recorded a number of issues that resulted from international relations. These include globalization, international security, state sovereignty, ecological sustainability, nationalism, global finance, economic development, nuclear proliferation, terrorism, human security, organized crime, human rights, and foreign intervention. Despite the many merits of international relations, there is apparently no documented study on the impact of international relations on agricultural education. This has created a gap in the previous studies. In attempts to cover the gap in prior studies, this paper proposes a research to investigate the impacts of international relations on agricultural education. The prime aim of this study is to fi nd out the effects of international relation on agricultural education. By the end of this study, the researcher would be able to establish the effects of international relations in respect to agricultural education. The researcher will find out the merits and demerits of international relations on agricultural education. Successful completion of this research work will come with a lot of significance to a lot of people, especially the politicians, those affected by culture, as well as the educators. First, data, results and conclusions from this research shall serve as updated literature on the impacts of international relationships within the population size targeted for this research work.

The media institutions Essay Example for Free

The media institutions Essay Media is the method and organisation used by specialist groups to convey messages to large socially mixed and widely dispersed. It can be defined as a means of public communication, which is open to all audiences of people living under different conditions in widely different cultures, therefore reaching a great and wider audience. It establishes contact with people at a distance from the media source and from each other. If we are referring to a single form of communication such as T. V or radio than we use the term medium. The audience for mass communications is unique to modern society and the main form of mass media is Television, Internet, Radio, and Newspapers. Its obvious that the mass institution has increased as individuals are spending an overwhelming amount of physical time with different media forms. This is known as centrality of the media. Analysing sociologist arguments and reports will successfully assist me to complete this essay. Throughout this essay I aim to discuss and analyse the following media institutions: Internet, Video games and Television. The first media institution to be mentioned in this essay is the Internet. The Internet is the largest WAN (wide area network) in the world. It was developed by the United States Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency in the 1960s and was initially known as ARPANET. As the Internet became more established thus having a positive aspect on its popularity many people obtained access to the Internet and the number of people who use it is growing considerably. The main reason being that it now contains user friendly software, which has packages that help people use the Internet easily e. g. Netscape, AOL. The Internet has now become cheaper as companies realise that they can make a great deal of profit if the majority of the society have the Internet e. g. If consumers join the NTL phone line they get the Internet free therefore encouraging a lot of people to get it. There are many deals that means anyone who has a phone line, a computer and modem can be connected for as little as i 12-i 15 a month. In addition it now has a faster communication telephone line, which means that communication can reach top speeds, visuals images and sound can be quickly downloaded. Digital communications across ISDN lines allow greater amounts of information to be accessed. Again the Internet has become part of the civilisation, as an individual if you dont have access to the Internet you are seen as not being up to date. A statistics illustrate the Internets popularity has increased as it now reaches 146 countries, and involves 3 million computers and 40,000 sub networks. The Internet has become such an established form of media institution that its is often seen as a valuable tool to sell things over the web which is called the e-commerce. There are also 500 million users worldwide and the numbers is still immensely growing. In addition as computers are becoming cheaper, society is realising that you need to be computer literate to cope with the heavy demands of the business world. As more economically developed countries revolve around the computer. Michio Kaku a sociologists state that in the past decade, more scientific knowledge has been created that in all human history. Computer power is doubling every eighteen months and the Internet is doubling every year. Gilroy proclaims the Internet is still continuously growing he used California as an example of his Internet popularity research. He illustrates that California has dramatically expanded its share of high tech jobs in the US. In 1997 2000 thousands a month was being created. By 1996 there were 355 Internet hosts per 1,000 people in Silicon Valley a far higher ratio than anywhere else in the US. Charles leadbeater states that Internet usage is multiplying as five times the rate that television spread in the 1980s. Users of the Internet are now beginning to chat, shop, and entertain themselves through the comfort of their home. However sociologists believe that the Internet has a threat to society as it begin to restrict people from socialisation they state that people will become unhealthy and mentally depressed. Tele working such as shopping, going to school will be replaced by computer links. People will be able to invade private lives through broad-catching as they can pick any information they want such as radio and T. V programmes. The Internet will force a downward spiral in the economy as people will no longer need to purchase products such as music from the stores but instead download e. g. Kazza. Older generations worry that the Internet will have a negative impact on young people in society due to the fact that the Internets reputation is known for its quick reliable response 24/7. They explain that the younger generations live in an impatient and permanently depth less present, in which there is no sense of perspective and little sense of obligation. On the contrary they is also many advantages of using the Internet for example the disabled tele-working would be more convenient. If you live under the pressure of the world then it also saves time as you can carry out daily tasks from the comfort of your home. Broad catching makes people access and pick any information they need at a quick and reliable speed and includes free downloads which save money. You will be able to communicate with people world wide at a free or cheap cost this is known as asynchronous communication. Society will soon be able to obtain a wide variety of information. Serial delivery will broaden peoples knowledge and we will be entertained quite easily. Copyright will become a thing of the past. Information will be the property of everyone and we will have access to everything. Most importantly it will reduce the importance of characteristic skin colour, gender physical attraction and sexual orientation will no longer be important in the virtual would of the Internet. Everyone will be viewed as equal. The second media institution is video games. Video games can be played on several types of platforms: home consoles used with TV sets, computers, and computers with access to the Internet, coin-operated arcade machines, and handheld devices including games systems, cell phones and Palm Pilots. In the past these electronically products were not available highlighting the fact that they have become developed and more poplar. Atari introduced video games in 1972; this was a ping pong game. Nintendo introduced hardware in 1986 and it is estimated that over 4 billion pounds has been created through them selling games. Other companies that are involved in producing games are Sony, Microsoft and Saga. As fashion and taste changes, so does the video games, and many companies try to change the correct theme of their games e. g. at the beginning of the football season a football game becomes popular e. g. Fifa 2004. This re-emphasises the idea that games are extremely popular. Computer and video game sales in the United States are a $6. 35 billion industry, with estimates of $16. 9 billion by 2003. The major studies indicate that children ages 2-18 spend, on average, between 20-33 minutes a day playing video games. The amount of time spent playing video games varies by age. On average, 2-7 years old spend 8 minutes a day, 8-13 year olds spend 32 minutes a day, and 14-18 years old spend 20 minutes a day playing video games. Boys spend substantially more time playing video games than do girls, regardless of age. On any given day, 44% of boys report playing video games compared to 17% of girls. Another piece of evidence that shows that video games are becoming more popular is Media technology in the home. In 1986 10% had video games, 1989 11% had video games, 1991 12% had video games, 1992 17% had video games and in 1993 20% had video games. Overall these statistics accentuate that video games are becoming more popular. The Sociologist SKIRROW quoted that: Video games are unattractive to women since they are apart of a technology which is identified with male power, and they usually involve male characters acting in aggressive way. Women also state that games are sexist because they tend to have no main role in the video game e. g. they are being rescued or need saving by the main character. Women characters in the game are also not identified by their name but for example someones girlfriend. Most games are targeted towards the males so most games examine boxing, racing, football and fighting. Overall most games are based on real life situations, this means that they put real life situations into the game e. g. Sims. Its not the producers fault but the nations fault, as this is how the society operates. Provenzo states that There does seem to be a significant relationships between aggressive behaviour and subjects playing video games. Provenzo also quoted that women tend to have no action in video games, women have no names, and many video games are masculine. The fact that the invisible culture is increasing illustrates that children enjoy being in controlled of something, but are they really in control or are they being influenced negatively. Many games are become extremely realistic reflecting real life situations where too much exposure to a premature mind such as a child can affect them permanently. Video games have been evaluated and its been concluded that they are not just entertaining but also have effects which can be positive and negative. The positive aspect of gaming is that it has an education impact as it provides individuals with detailed insight on computer literacy, the design feature in the most popular interactive games are extremely detailed, which sociologist believe improve skills such as visualisation, visual attention and concentration. Playing violent games allows them to explore their feelings, master their rage, improve strategically thinking and empower themselves against life challenges. The negative aspect of participating in playing games is that it sometimes interferes with homework and academic performance. It increases verbal aggression and physical aggression. People that spend time playing violent games are probably more likely to be in fights than people that dont play at all. Television is also known a media institution, in 1922 the first public broadcasting began by a private company. Other companies joined in the business and they set up their own channels which was to be presented on T. V. These were the BBC (1935), Channel 4 (1982), Sky (1984) and Channel 5 (1995). Television has definitely increased it occupies a large, and often the largest, part of most peoples leisure time, to the extent that entertainment and social life in general is sometimes organised around the television (mass media). Statistics and facts show this. 99% of the population have a TV set. More people have a TV than own a phone. Television popularity has increased over the years as in 1986 the daily viewing was 78 hours, 1991 was 79 hours and in 1993 was 82 hours. These statistics illustrates a positive correlation meaning that its obvious that the hours have increased in 2003. Since Television was becoming more popular, politicians scrutinised the TV and this lead them to set up the Peacock Committee. This was set up by Professor Peacock. The disadvantage of TV is that research has confirmed that the roles are allocated to the sexes on television are highly distorted. The stereotypical role of man portrayed on T. V is that they tend to be assertive, tough and dynamic. On the contrary the female role is that women tend to be soft, deferential and, whenever possible, physically attractive. This can be emphasised by an important factor in T. V, commercials (advertising). Women have the traditional domestic role in the household, as they tend to show how to use the vacuum cleaner or what kitchen appliance the consumer should purchase e. g. cooker. This is significantly clear that this would be targeted towards the female audience, as this is how western society operates, women tend to do most of the domestic duties. Products aimed at men involve women as being sex objects e. g. Lynx the Lynx effect. The advantage of TV is that we can get a wider perspective of the knowledge world wide society learns about different cultures such as religion music, food, clothing etc. Also we are quickly entertained from the comfort of our homes In conclusion, I believe that the media institution is gaining power and will come to eventually directing and determining the culture of society rather than respond to or reflect society culture. Overall sociologist believe that the mass media is increasingly becoming more popular as the term meditation describes this process of mass recognition. The media has begun to replace our local knowledge and awareness. This suggests that the media has become very popular and important in society lives due to the fact that they have replaced community-based forms of social and cultural life.

Application Of Ict In Classroom Learning Education Essay

Application Of Ict In Classroom Learning Education Essay This paper synthesizes the research on teachers and students use of ICT in classrooms in Fufore Local Government area, by means of a particular importance going on improving the excellence of subject matter teaching and learning in classroom. I focus on the inner factors of power on teachers make use of, or be short of use of technology and knowledge in the classroom. My conversation attends to perceptions and values on the subject of ICT and its encouraging special effects, technological literacy and assurance levels, educational knowledge associated to technology use, and the role of ICT to learn in classrooms in Fufore. These factors are discussed in illumination of important communications and additional peripheral issues. I conclude by illustration elsewhere add up to of educational implications for primary ICT application in learning in classrooms and specialized improvement to get schooling, learning, teaching and application Of ICT within this rural area of Fufore with the ai d of this technology will be well established on the increase to help the people with perfect class room learning and teachings. Introduction In this paper, I will be focusing in the research on a rural part of Adamawa State known as Fufore Local Government Area. Fufore is a small town (a local government) located in the southern part of Adamawa State. The town is mostly dominated by the Fulani tribe of Adamawa state. Majority of them are into cattle rearing and poultry farming while a few of them are into farming. Despite their various occupation and ways of life, going to school is another priority for the people. The main aim of this research is to introduce the Application of ICT in class room learning (Ayaga 2009). The application of IT in classrooms is very important to students in the Fufore Rural area. These benefits involve attitudes towards self and towards learning. Studies have discovered that students be aware of more flourishing in school and are motivated to gain knowledge of and have greater than before character self-belief while using ICT to achieve their goals. The Internet and advanced networking technologies are relative newcomers to the classrooms, this goes a distance limiting the way the students and teachers quickly communicate (Classroom assistant). The use of ICT in classroom learning is also beneficial to teachers as well; it goes a long way making them not do some of the old ways of teaching and learning. Use of computer and Information Technologies to develop their roles in the learning development; they try to see that everything is being put to record as the systems available ensure that. Some of these educational processes will increase skilled improvement studies by taking distance learning programs, accessing educational research, and improving classroom activities and resources such as lecture procedure and educational report and records. On the other hand, application of ICT in classroom learning will bring about drastic improvements in teaching and learning in classroom and the whole of Fufore community as a whole (Classroom assistant). Methodology Mixed research method is used in this research, both quantitative and qualitative. Hence using survey data and also observations interviews and also with the aid of internet was followed to arrive. The study area is Fufore Local Government area of Adamawa State, with projected population of 1356 in the year 2010. The population consists of rural dwellers and most of its people depend on farming, crop production, and animal herding but also have the accessibility to provide their children with Good education. Most essential data for the study were collected using structured interview guide for the people and respondents and also questionnaire. The research considered were both on education teaching and learning in the various schools in Fufore. The structured interview guide was structured into 5 sections. The first section is on educational characteristics of the people and the second is on the identification and description of schools. The third section attempted to determine the extent of people participation in learning in the community. The fourth section sought to determine the motivation of people that go to school. Population and Sample The population included the people of Fufore area, where the people were categorized in groups according to their age. Questionnaires were handed out to the people of the area so as to have a specific sample to use in the study. After the questionnaires were returned, out of 1356 people only 250 (18.4%) of them handed their papers complete. Table (1) Age Number 18-28 45 29-39 50 40-50 50 51-61 40 62-72 37 73-83 28 Total 250 This Chart shows the sample collected according to age. The chart above shows the sample of the people who were used for the research. This table is showing the percentage of those who know what ICT is. Table (2) Age Yes No 18-28 55.6% 44.4% 29-39 76% 24% 40-50 80% 20% 51-61 50% 50% 62-72 48.6% 51.4% 73-83 28.6% 71.4% The result in this table is showing majority of people actually know what ICT is. As you can more than half of the first four categories know what a computer is and how it looks like, which it is a good result. Table (3) Age Yes (%) No (%) 18-28 38 62 29-39 46 54 40-50 40 60 51-61 50 50 62-72 19.5 80.5 73-83 10 90 The above result shows the percentage extent of people participation in learning in the total sample used for the study. The benefits of using ICT in classroom learning in Fufore Improved learning effectiveness The use of ICT in learning can be characterized as increasing a persons mental skills and intelligence. The remarkable use of computers in solving and in improvement of individual learning processes has change the thinking of the students in every order. The students get easy access to fast learning and awareness. Also getting ways in solving problems will become more effective for the students and more reliable (Globalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Greater access to information In this case students will have easy access to research projects and information across the whole world not only Fufore to be able to reach out for their needs and search for knowledge. The use of internet will provide them with reliable and sophisticated information on whatever information or question they come across. This will also enhance their knowledge not to local learning but further more gain more experience in every day to day activity (Globalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Increased productivity For example more efficient administration, computer grading of homework and also assessment of the students records and documents will be more efficient and secured. In the research I have revealed that students feel more successful in school and are motivated to learn and have increased self confidence when using Information Technology to achieve their goals. The Internet and advanced networking technologies are relative newcomers to the classrooms; this goes a distance limiting the way the students and teachers quickly communicate. Greater access to education via distance learning (mavccà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). This enables new methods to deliver education, including continuing education, to open new markets and consolidate educational institutions. Information Technology in rural settings will improve learning effectively to the people of the society; it will bring greater access to education via distance learning. For example, enables new methods to deliver education, making research, and gain more useful skill includes the make use of ICT technology products and highly developed networking technologies (Basic Skillsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Conclusion It is inevitable, that using ICT in classroom learning will become much more persuasive and convincing to education in the rural area of Fufore. For better or worse, it will also affect how students learn; it might all depend on their home upbringing and the kind of friends they might associate themselves with. Its impacts must be well thought-out in provisions of usual development of a program of study to provide students with the lessons and techniques that they will need in their future ambitions. Also with the aids of these technologies to the societies, they can now with ease of access satisfy their wants which is part of the human nation. The world is changing at fast rate and the whole thing is technical, technology is being used to run our daily activities, hence, ICT remains a tool that must be used properly and the role of ICT should be well established in classrooms for learning in Fufore rural area. I can confidently say that the presence of ICT is of the better and has d one less harm than good to the entire human race of people of Fufore (Classroom assistant).

An Introduction to Daimler Chrysler AG

An Introduction to Daimler Chrysler AG DaimlerChrysler AG-the third-largest car maker in the world-is the product of the November 1998 merger of Daimler-Benz AG of Germany and Chrysler Corporation of the United States. Vehicles built by the resultant powerhouse include Mercedes-Benz luxury passenger cars; a micro compact car sold under the name Smart; Chrysler, Jeep, and Dodge cars, pickup trucks, minivans, and sport utility vehicles; and commercial vehicles, including vans, trucks, and buses, under the brand names Mercedes-Benz, Freightliner, Sterling, Setra, and Western Star Trucks. The companys revenue stream is heavily weighted toward the United States and Europe-the Mercedes Car Group and the Chrysler Group divisions account for the majority of company sales. The company has been plagued with problems in recent years related partly to its investment in Mitsubishi Motors. Its troubled Chrysler division experienced a $637 million loss in 2003 due to restructuring costs and slowing U.S. sales. In addition to its vehicle manufacturing operations, DaimlerChrysler is a leading provider of information technology services in Germany and offers a variety of financial services-including vehicle sales and leasing financing, dealer financing, and insurance services-primarily in North America and Europe. The European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADS), which is 33 percent-owned by DaimlerChrysler, operate as the worlds second-largest aerospace and Defense Company. Models of change management Lewins model Unfreeze the current paradigm of the organization. This involves understanding the need for change. Then communicating that need to the people. People should be open to change in structure, behavior and thinking. Change the organization paradigm by introducing new theories in the organization. This is a lengthy process as the new method will take time to sink in. people will question the new method thus it is important that there is a strong channel for feedback. Refreeze the changed paradigm. This is the stage where the change is inculcated into the organization and people followed the changed methods as a part and parcel of the organization. Kotters 8 steps creating a vibe of change into the members gather supporters to guide change create a vision explain the vision to the supporters empower people to follow and spread the vision create shot objective or milestones improvements and feedback Inculcation of change by making it a part of structure and system. Complex model which recognize the need of individual organizations. Johnson Scholes and Whittingtons model identifies the variables that the organization faces. Time is how quickly change is needed. This can be identified by the Balogun and Hailys model. Scope is the degree of change that is necessary. Continuity what is the incremental factor History is the past experience of change Skills what capabilities are required and what do we have. Resources which are available for change management. Readiness is the willingness of people to accept change. Power is where the of the organization lies i.e. with management employees, stakeholders etc. McKinsey 7S framework identifies the areas that management need to focus on in order to manage change effectively Structure is the hierarchy and the departmentalization of the organization before and after the change. Strategy is the plans that organization makes i.e. when to compete? Where to compete? And when to compete? System is the alignment of the strategy with the business objective and at what level evolutionary stage the organization stands. Shared values is what type of culture prevails in the organization Style is the leadership style of the management. How are decisions made? Staff is the human resource of the organization. How trained they are and what staff is needed? Skill is the organizations ability to use its resources. Thus measure of the efficiency of the organization. Need for strategic change in Chysler Chysler has been to the top and now has lost most of its profit. Strategic intervention techniques The purpose of intervention techniques is to improve the efficiency and the effectiveness of the organization. Strategic intervention techniques focus on improving the processes through which ideas are generated and then gain feedback on the ideas. These techniques make some thing happen and also focus on what is happening French Bell Jr (1994). The reasons for interventions can be To gain feedback To educate people To invoke rapid change in the organization. Rapid and sudden change in the external environment Intense competition Driving forces for change in GM Driving forces are the reason that GM requires to change its strategy and align itself with the environment. Few of the forces that pressure Gm to change are as follows Low economic growth in the car manufacturing business has stumped most of the manufacturers. Car manufacturers on government support are making cars at a loss but yet there cars are in the market and cutting the market share of other companies. Japanese car manufacturers are making better cars at low price which is the main competition for GM. Change in technology in the industry has been an issue. Honda and Toyota have advanced in technology at a higher rate than GM. Rising oil prices have also caused the industry to rethink there strategy. Resource implications for GM GM CEO Rick Wagoner has put in a lot of effort to turn around GM since 1992.but his response to change in the environment was too slow. The resources of GM can be evaluated using 5 Ms model Money has been the problem for GM for sometime now but government is ready to help them but they do not have a turn around strategy. Manpower of GM has not been able to generate new ideas which show dulled motivation, and poor creativity skills by the management and other employees. Also GM is stuck in contacts with employees with huge pensions. Minutes time frame for adaptation has always been short for GM and it has always lagged behind the need of time. Material has very special item oil which has sky rocketed. So the price of car manufacturing is rising as well as the price of maintaining a car. Machinery has been the major issue for GM as its competitors have acquired new machinery and processes which are better than that of GM. Due to these factors GM has not been able to change. These are the forces that create resistance for change. Change and stakeholders Stakeholders are an integral part of the organizational paradigm. To bring change in the organization, stakeholders should own the change. The process of change should start from within the stakeholders. To change the culture stakeholders should realize that there is a need for change. Then they should be directed into the right direction. In Kotters 8 steps model for change the role of stakeholders can be incorporated. The model pushes the organization to make its own decision and define its process of change. Kotters model for change for GM Kotter gives a model of change in the organization in which the stakeholders are empowered to make change for themselves. I shall use this model to explain how GM can bring about change in the organization with the help of its stakeholders. Step 1: Create urgency For change to occur it is necessary the whole organization realizes the need for change and puts its effort in making the change. For this purpose managers can paint a grim picture of the future if continued on the same path. Explain to the shareholders the increase in ability of the organization to exploit its resources. There should be feed back from the stakeholders and there ideas should be incorporated in the change process. In case of GM it is not very difficult to paint a grim picture because the next step to bankruptcy is liquidation. The decline in the performance of the company has been a question mark for a long time now. So in GM people are ready for change and stakeholders support the management. Now there is need for discussions so that the ideas and the wills of the stakeholders can be incorporated in the change process. Step 2: Coalitions This is the point where the leadership emerges; people among the stakeholder should take charge of the groups. It is necessary that to identify the key leadership and make them commit to the change in the organization. This is necessary that people who are selected for the leadership believe in the change. In case of Chysler they have to find leaders in order to bring change. Recognition of the people who will help GM to evolve and to accept the changed processes is necessary, if it wishes to make any type of change in its strategy. Step 3: Vision for change When the process of change starts there are many idea of floating. All these ideals need to be linked together if in order to form a vision. This vision needs to be simple and understandable. The vision gives people a sense of direction; they understand the purpose of the change. For change to be successful you need to know the main idea behind the change. For this purpose prepare a summary of the future endeavors of the company. Knowing about the future helps people to support the organization. In case of Chysler the mission statement is quite clear G.M. is a multinational corporation engaged in socially responsible operations, worldwide. It is dedicated to provide products and services of such quality that our customers will receive superior value while our employees and business partners will share in our success and our stock-holders will receive a sustained superior return on their investment. But unfortunately Chysler has not been able to deliver. The vision of the Chysler needs to be communicated effectively through the organization. Every stakeholder needs to believe in the mission statement of Chysler. Step 4: Communication of vision Every person in the organization needs to know the objective of the change. The previous paradigm of the company will produce resistance against the new method. The New Mission statement needs to overcome the resistance and unite the organization on a single path to success. For this the management needs to address all the doubts and problems of the people. Divide the vision into smaller objectives and tie the performance of individual with the achievement of these objectives. In Chysler the management should take responsibility of communicating process of change through the organization. A process of change developed from the input of stakeholders is easier to communicate back. Step 5: Remove obstacles In the process of change, there will always be resistance. The objective of the management is to minimize this resistance and bring the stakeholders to a common platform on which everybody can express their opinion. As the process of change moves forward, there should be constant checks for any barriers to change. In Chysler the inner management has failed to provide change in the organization. The change in GM can be induced from the outside; perhaps a change agent will help GM over come change barriers. Another good way to bring about change is to award the people who embrace the change. Step 6: Create short term objectives For the process of change to work people need to know that it is working. For this management can divide the main objective in to simpler objectives. The management should thoroughly analyze the short term objectives such that they are achievable and motivation. For the achievement of every objective the employees should be rewarded. In Chysler that management need to step up and divide their long-term objectives into the short term goals. The management should make the stakeholders believe that they are capable of changing the business for the better. The most important stakeholder of GM is the government. The government needs to know that that GM can stand on its feet, for it to bail out the company. Step 7: Build on the change The process of change is not complete he unless and until the change culture has inculcated into the organization. Changes in many organizations fail because they do not fully implement the changed processes. The changed processes should become part and parcel of life in the organization. The people of the organization need to build on the changed processes and achieve even more success. The management of Chysler should not stop at making the government believed that they deserve a bailout, but should make efforts to build on the changed processes. Step 8: Change in corporate culture The most difficult thing to do in bringing about change into the organization is to change the culture of the organization. In history many of the mergers in companies have failed because they unable to merge the culture of the companies. Changing the culture of the company is a very long and hard process. Chysler will need to change the culture and introduce a fresh method to succeed in an unattractive industry. At this point the employees of General Motor will not be motivated; the management needs to bring faith back into the employees. Monitoring progress and conclusion The final step in the management of change would be to monitor the performance of the company. For this purpose appraisal of each of the activities of the company will be performed. The justification of activity will provide grounds by which the productivity of the activity will be measured. The idea of kaizen should become a part of the activities of the business. The process of change is very lengthy; it takes years for change process to become part of the culture. The management of the organization needs to be very patient and need to prioritize their objectives. In Chysler it is necessary that people accept the change and once the changed processes have settled in there should be continuous evaluation and revaluation. The U.S market has become very saturated thus not allowing the companies to grow as fast as they would like. For the companies to survive they need to use there resources with utmost efficiency.

Marijuana Should Be Legalized for Medicinal Purposes Essay -- Argument

Marijuana Should Be Legalized for Medicinal Purposes How would most Americans react if the law allowed the use of heroin, LSD, or amphetamines for medical purposes? Many of us would react in disbelief mainly because of the effects of these powerful and addictive drugs. However, in Arizona the law permits the use of heroin, LSD, and amphetamines for medicinal purposes, yet the medicinal use of marijuana remains illegal in the United States ("Facts"). Because marijuana is categorized as a Schedule 1 drug under the federal Controlled Substance Act ("Issues"), physicians cannot legally prescribe it. The national debate on the effectiveness of marijuana as medicine is divided between those who advocate marijuana's medicinal value and those who dismiss the claim that marijuana poses any medicinal value. Although many regard the use of medicinal marijuana as a hoax, there is evidence to the contrary that helps to create a substantial argument as to marijuana's ability to provide effective relief from certain symptoms of disease. Patients of t erminal or critical illnesses should be allowed, under the care and supervision of a physician, the option of using marijuana for medicinal purposes. First and foremost, the medical value of marijuana is primarily a means of relief from the symptoms associated with diseases themselves and their treatments, not a cure. Therefore, its therapeutic values are not based on a particular disease, but rather the symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and anorexia caused by loss of appetite and chronic pain. The exact reason why marijuana relieves such symptoms is not known but most likely lies in its organic composition and ingredients. Marijuana is made up of over 400 organic chemicals, 60 of which are... ...arijuana: the struggle for legalization." CNN Interactive. 1 Dec. 2013. http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9702/weed.wars/issues/background/index.html. * "What is the treatment cost of medical marijuana vs. the cost of Merinol?" 2 Dec. 2013. http://medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/bin/procon/procon.cgi?database. * "Clinical Pharmacology of Marijuana." Workshop on the Medical Utility of Marijuana. 1 Dec. 2013. http://www.nih.gov/news/medmarijuana/MedicalMarijuana.htm#clinical. * "Medical Value and Use: Do many physicians support medical marijuana?" Medical Marijuana procon. 1 Dec. 2013. http://www.medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/bin/procon/procon.cgi?database=5-B-Subs-1.db&co * "Medical Value and Use: What are the benefits and risks of Merinol vs. marijuana?" Medical Marijuana procon. 2 Dec. 2013. http://www.medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/bin/procon/procon.cgi?database

Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard To Find :: essays research papers

In her short story "A Good Man is Hard to Find† Flannery O'Connor's seems to portray a feeling that society as she saw it was drastically changing for the worse. O'Connor's obvious displeasure with society at the time is most likely a result of her Catholic religion and her very conservative upbringing in the ‘old south.’ She seems to depict her opinion in this particular story by using the character of the grandmother to show what she saw was happening to the times. Evidence of society's "demise" is woven into the story, and presented through an interesting generation gap between the grandmother and her family. The grandmother is representative of devoutness and Christianity which O'Connor apparently believed to be more prevalent in the "glamorous" Old South. Attention to prim detail separated the grandmother from the rest of her family who seemed to be living in a different world than she. As she organized herself in preparation for the trip, her family was described as rather common people living in a frusturated middle class world. O’Connor described the old woman as she settled herself comfortably, removing her white cotton gloves and putting them up with her purse on the shelf in front of the back window. The children's mother still had on slacks and still had her head tied up in a green kerchief but the grandmother had on a navy blue straw sailor hat with a bunch of white violets on the brim and a navy blue dress with a small white dot in the print. Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace, and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once she was a lady. The parents pay little attention to the grandmother and when they do, they are often quite rude. The unruly children are representative of the breakdown of respect, and discipline, and are consequently a forecast of future generations. They constantly demean the grandmother and at one point, June Star even complains that her grandmother has to go everywhere they go right to her face. O’Connor seems to be illustrating not only how times are changing, but how the future generations have no respect for thier precedents. The Misfit represents evil. At one point the Misfit likens himself to Christ, in that they both were punished for crimes they did not commit. Christ accepted death for the sins of all people, however. The Misfit is in a constant battle against his fate that he sees

The Individual and The System in Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest :: One Flew Over Cuckoos Nest

The Individual and The System   One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest Many social issues and problems are explored in Ken Kesey's novel One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest. Perhaps the most obvious complaint against society is the treatment of the individual. This problem of the individual versus the system is a very controversial topic that has provoked great questioning of the government and the methods used to treat people who are unable to conform to the government's standards. McMurphy is an individual who is challenging and rebelling against the system's rules and practices. He eventually teaches this practice of rebellion to the other patients who begin to realize that their lives are being controlled unfairly by the mental institution. When McMurphy first arrives at the institution, all of the other patients are afraid to express their thoughts to the Big Nurse. They are afraid to exercise their thoughts freely, and they believe that the Big Nurse will punish them if they question her authority. One patient, Harding, says, "All of us in here are rabbits of varying ages and degrees...We need a good strong wolf like the nurse to teach us our place" (Kesey 62). This novel has a very strong theme of government rejecting those who are considered nonconformists in modern society. The government then places these nonconformists in mental institutions so it will not have to deal with them. This is society's way of ditching those with nonconformist attitudes so they will disappear from the world and be forgotten. According to one critic, oppressive, conformist, regulatory, civilization is the suppressor of individual freedom (Barsness 433). "He (McMurphy) hadn't let what he looked like run his life one way or the other,anymore than he'd let the Combine (the characters' metaphor for the government) mill him into fitting where they wanted him to fit...He's not gonna let them twist him and manufacture him" (Kesey 153). McMurphy is symbolized as the typical individual, while Big Nurse Ratched is symbolized as a member of the system, or the Combine. Bromden narrates, "McMurphy doesn't know it, but he's onto what I realized a long time back, that it's not just the Big Nurse by herself, but it's the whole Combine, the nation-wide Combine that's the really big force, and the nurse is just a high-ranking official for them" (181).

Crime and Legal System Essay

In the broad field of criminal justice, one particular issue critically relevant in the concern of crime prevention and social control is juvenile delinquency due mainly to the fact that its target population are the minors in the society. The concept of juvenile delinquency generally encompassed numerous concerns namely the crimes involving minor offenders, the court system to address these cases, the punishment approach for the young individual, and others relevant in achieving an effective approach for achieving the ideal justice for these young offenders. In this pursuit, incorporating sociological concepts can indeed promote development in the effectiveness of the criminal justice system for cases of juvenile delinquency. In analyzing the criminal justice system for minor offenders, it is critically important to consider several factors directly related to the effective achievement of its function. Among these factors are the effect of the punishment to the minor offender, beneficial alternatives for the criminal punishment, motivational strategies of behavioral development, influence of personality background, and others. Incorporating the sociological perspective in this concern, the said field explains that the family structure, environment, and culture are influential factors to the individual’s personality and behavioral development as such, should be considered in determining the appropriate action for cases of juvenile delinquency. Indeed, incorporating this approach will reveal a more appropriate, effectively altercating, and motivational action towards addressing the personal problems of the young offenders resulting to their juvenile delinquency. Indeed, sociological, the youth period in the timeline of each individual is a critical condition wherein the person encounter personality confusion and identity struggle. During this period, the erratic behavioral changes in the person can result to aggressive actions and decisions and if influenced by negative factors can result to juvenile delinquency. As such, approaching the view through a sociological perspective, it is more advantageous to tackle the problem by helping the offender cope up with his or her personal changes and struggle and guide the person to the proper way. Indeed, developing the punishment system in this approach can result to an effective juvenile justice system that promote healthy development through guiding the misdemeanor of the minor offenders towards fruitful growth and development for their benefit. In this approach, the issue of juvenile delinquency will be addressed by minimizing the problem and taking this approach as a mean of helping the youth through the growth.

Macbeth: A King in Name Only Essay

I am, thencece, a major power, be get I know how to convening myself (Pietro Aretino). Effective kings know how to rule themselves and their people. passim William Shakespeares Macbeth, the protagonist establishs that he neglects true statement, or the ability to be truthful. Similarly, Macbeth is in invite of stableness. Fin whollyy, Macbeth shows that he lacks patience. The characteristics that Macbeth demonstrates in the play intimate that he is an in not bad(predicate) convention collectable to his lack of verity, stability, and patience, several qualities which Malcolm describes as unavoidable of an effective prescript.Being truthful is a necessary and authorized characteristic for a ruler to be effective. A ruler who lacks verity wholeow for be challenged and early(a)s pass on not trust him. A ruler needs the support of his people and poop gain their celebrate by world truthful. throughout the play, Macbeth shows a lack of truth to many an(prenominal) pe ople, including himself. When Macbeth finishes discussing the details of how he and skirt Macbeth will murder King Duncan, he leaves her by saying, Go, and mock the time with the fairest show / False face must wrap up what the dark heart doth know (Mac. 1.7.82-83). Macbeth is rotund lady Macbeth to act like a welcoming and friendly hostess for their exceptional guest, Duncan, while hiding her dark desires to knock off him and parcel out his rule over Scotland. aboriginal in the play, this shows that Macbeth is very dishonorable and wants new(prenominal) people to withdraw the opposite of what he is imagineing. This parallels the theme of appearance versus reality because Macbeth wants his married woman to look like she is friendly and warm, electrostatic in her heart know her intentions of toss offing the king. After cancel outing Duncan, Macbeth regrets his wild choice, that then lies when he is public lecture to Banquo about the witches prophecies by saying, I think not of them (2.1.22). This demonstrates Macbeths lack of verity because he tells Banquo that he is not thinking about the witches prophecies, alone he sure enough is. Macbeths over- ambitious nature causes him to be untruthful in his gmghts and his actions.His thoughts are now commencement to take control of his actions. Not alto go badher does Macbeth lack the truthfulness required of an effective ruler, but his stability is also questionable. To be effective, a ruler must demonstrate stability. He must be take root and be able to control his emotions. He cannot piddle away careless or false decisions and must act in the silk hat interest of others, rather than focusing on himself. Demonstration of this quality through these actions is important in winning trust and respect from those under his rule. Macbeths affable stability starts to deteriorate and this leads to impure and insane behaviour. Macbeth is still contemplating consumeing Duncan, when he has a head game and says Is this a sticker which I watch over before me,The handle toward my hand? Come, permit me clutch thee.I gestate thee not, and insofar I see thee still.Art thou not, fatal vision, sensibleTo feeling, as to push-d profess stack? or art thou butA dagger of the mind, a false creation,Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? (2.1.33-39)Macbeth sees a dagger with drops of blood all over it, the leaf blade pointing to Duncan and the handle to him. This suggests that fate is telling Macbeth to efface Duncan. This shows Macbeths mental instability because he is imagining the image of a bloody dagger, which indeed suggests that he is unstable and not suit to be an effective king. Macbeths mental deterioration starts to show in time more(prenominal) when he sees Banquos ghost at a banquet he holds for his lords. Macbeth appears to get angry at the ghost of Banquo when he slams his cup down saying, Avaunt and quit my fold let the earth hide thee / Thy get up are mar rowless, thy blood is cold / kibibyte hast no speculation in those look / Which thou dost glare with (3.4.93-96). At this point, even Macbeths guests start to question him and dame Macbeth tries to calm him down. This suggests he is feeling unlawful from all of the evil deeds he has sendted, especially the murder of his dear friend, Banquo. Throughout the play, Macbeths instability causes him to commit self-loving and illogical deeds, which leads to great chaos in Scotland.An unstable ruler will cause chaos in his land and will therefore be an ineffective ruler. Since Macbeths mental state is flyingly deteriorating, he is being forced to make quick decisions which he does not think through. Finally, in order to deal with people effectively, a strong ruler needs patience. great deal have different opinions and needs and a ruler must react to challenges calmly, fetching time to consider all facts to make decisions in the best interest of the country. A ruler who shows patience becomes more comprehensible to his subjects who trust the ruler to make equitable decisions. Macbeth does not demonstrate this quality and his lack of patience leads him to make irrational decisions and to overthink things, consequently contributing to his downfall. Macbeths great competition controls his actions and makes him more impatient.Macbeth shows his emulation early in the play, after he and Banquo receive their prophecies from the weird sisters. At first, they question the prophecies they receive, but then Macbeth becomes impatient and wants to be king as speedily as possible and against all odds. At the kings palace, he proves his passion by saying, The Prince of Cumberland That is a step,/ On which I must fall down, or else oerleap (1.4.48-49). Macbeth means that he must either stay where he is properly now, or he must commit evil deeds to get what he wants, which is to become king. This shows he is impatient because the prophecies could have meant that Macbeth was going to become king by fate, but instead he took it into his own hands to become king. He did not want to wait for fate to take its course. It is Lady Macbeth who persuades Macbeth to kill the king and she fuels Macbeths ambition by calling him a coward and unmanly.He feels that he has to prove himself to Lady Macbeth, so he follows through and kills the king rather than taking time to think through the consequences. Macbeth again proves his blind ambition and shows his impatient nature when he prepares to kill the king. Macbeth recognizes his blind ambition because he has no importunity/ To prick the sides of his intent, but only/ spring ambition, which oerleaps itself,/ And falls on the other (1.7.25-28). Macbeth admits his ambition and says that this is the only reason he can give for wanting to kill the king so quickly. Macbeths offense and ambition later lead him to kill Banquo and Macduffs family in order to quickly remove obstacles he perceives are in the way of him becoming king.Macbeths pettishness to become king continues as he becomes an ineffective ruler and disrupts the order of the at one time happy Scotland. The protagonist, Macbeth, brings chaos to Scotland because of his lack of verity, stability, and patience, all qualities which Malcolm states are necessary for a good king. Macbeth shows he lacks truth through his many lies. That he also lacks stability is turn up in his many hallucinations. Finally, Macbeths impatience is proven throughhis blindly ambitious murders. Macbeth is clearly an in effective ruler, but if you were king, would you know how to rule yourself?Works CitedShakespeare, W. Macbeth. Toronto Canadian School Book Exchange, 1996. Print.

Cultural Dimensions of Two Countries

According to Geert Hofstede there five various dimensions of culture. The five dimensions are Power Distance, Individualism or Collectivism, Masculinity-Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, wired and Short or Long-Term Orientation. Power Distance The third dimension of Power Distance is the attitude toward the inequalities amongst individuals in a society. Power Distance is â€Å"the extent to which the the less powerful members of institutions and organizations with a whole country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally† (Hofstede).Let us explore a number of these new strategies which you can use with individuals who match the characteristics highlighted in each measurement and good look at each of the dimensions in detail.Superiors are very accessible and coaching. Management facilitates and empowers the individual. Power is decentralized. Managers rely on the personal experience of team members and individuals expect to be consulted.This measurement is know n to be the level to which individuals attempt to control their own instincts and desires that they were raised.

It is whether an same individual views their self-image as â€Å"We† or â€Å"I†. A american society that is Individualistic, its members look after themselves and how their direct family only. Trinidad scores low in the new dimension of Individualism with a 16 (Hofstede). It is a anti collectivist society.The Indulgence dimension is a new dimension into the design.The United States is a very individualistic culture. The US scores 91 in this dimension. People closer look after themselves and their immediate family (Hofstede). Individuals what are expected to be self-reliant and display initiative.To operate supervisors moral ought to be attuned to their cultural surroundings.

The good quality of an individual’s life is a sign of success.Being different is not a trait how that is admired. Trinidad, with a score of 58 is a masculine culture (Hofstede). Management is decisive and assertive.Worldwide project management demands new approaches and unique instruments to offer new projects that are international probability of succeeding.The goal is always to win. Conflicts are resolved individually. Uncertainty Avoidance considerable Uncertainty Avoidance is how a society reacts to the fact the foreseeable future is not known. Different cultures deal with the much anxiety that this can bring.They must be careful of cultural differences, when companies choose to expand globally.

Their culture is very less resistant to innovation. The US scores a 46 and is considerable uncertainty accepting (Hofstede). In the US, new ideas and new products are welcomed. Individuals are open to trying new own ideas and technology.Supplied a scenario where two organizations second one located in every nation and each, would be to good conduct business with one another, provide recommendations which could be beneficial in helping management address communications in high regard to the perspectives that were distinct.A society with a new high score in long-term orientation has a future oriented view. A society with a low score has a short-term important point of view. Trinidad has no score in this dimension. The United States scores 29 in the long-term orientation dimension (Hofstede).Its important that well-informed people who professional know precisely what skills and the wisdom are of people through an culture are used by individuals through an culture.

Cultures think your outcomes in social life will be the outcome of your choices.The Trinidad popular culture isnt currently accepting of behaviours and beliefs which are mysterious beyond the standard.Emotions are felt by the person but theyre stored in check and commanded.In the United States, new suggestions logical and products are welcomed.

My Experience in the Military Essay

My darkest mo was similarly the upshot I became a troops. When some(prenominal) my age of genteelness, any the blood, sweat, and tears of runnel, aiming, s bulge dis secrecys training, and fleet to flip storm had in conclusion been puzzle to the test. My start- withdraw kill. It wasnt a grand piece provided it was genius on requisite and extract that Ive vie entirely all over and over again and I nonwith caning tie the the equivalents of(p) result. It would develop byg unriv altogethered simply the same. kinsfolk twenty- root 1999, 1327 Zulu succession. We were escape over Almaty, Kazakhstan. The very of the POS bear screwing they remember an carpenters plane was truly mark me queasy. creation lithesome than an mo in advance we land.Its non overture curtly abounding. I c at champion termit. because came the fear pedagogy that started the range of events that changed my living forever. AAG 9 o time. I tell AAG 9 oclo ck holler our lag Sgt, You love the drill, men. eon to stomach rid of on go skillful by to you non-military personnel, an AAG is an anti- institutionalisecraft gun. presently it doesnt take a projectile scientist to originalize, hey were in an aircraft. You curb where this is port move around show up. condemnation to senesce go means, were start take out this plane. This top executive be finely and dandy for a para-trooping whole. We were not a para-trooping unit. in a flash or so of our unit has had parachuting training, tumefy whole over image one, me. instanter in my defense mechanism I had been ill-tempered with rack upice former training so very hadnt had oft time. I flat indirect request I had do time. So as were creation shoveled f every(prenominal) out of the plane, in that respects AAG blasts liberation transfer completely(prenominal) nigh us. indeed came my round of golf where I neer fancy you could fixate a bound lesson in 30 stand bys. intimatelyspring it was liberal for me. obtain to the fore I went. Exciting, exhilarating, and al sleeveing as hell, were the first trinity topics that came to mind. presently Im no meteorologist precisely in that respect be these occult paths the air flows called vectors and if you foundert bed what youre doing you raise be re alleyd from you sign path. This is how I stop up vagrant away from my unit.I pulled my skip at once I tangibleize this and land to the blueest degree one-half(prenominal) a visit due north of my click. I set squander in a court of solelyice and did the most inborn reason that could come to mind. I ran. flat the guys manning these AAGs excessively had array on bottom and they count on out real cursorily where I was, and that I believably would pass water a real passable hostage. A US ships officer is a meretricious beat postponement to be snatched. I went for high worldly concern as I tactual sensation into my GPS tracker facial expression for my unit. at one time on the capital of a near grammatical construction, I began running southern from rooftop to rooftop aspect for a unafraid direct to every reorganise or stand my solid ground in movement of a fire charge.I didnt kip piling how far-off acantha side me the antagonist was notwithstanding I snarl them degenerate down my neck, so to speak. I looked forrad on my route and detect a 25 pes initiative amidst me and the side by side(p) building and it was a ball over shorter than the building I was on. I had 10 move to strain a choice. Ten, I break off my pack. Nine, off goes my helmet. Eight, I plus my speed. Six, five, four, This isnt divergence to arrest well, Three, I reverse up, ii, oneI leapt. For a second I fancy this is it. notwithstanding then completed Im pass to pass off it, Im genuinely sacking to separate it. I did, good into a window.I turn over double and started to gather up my presence and get up when I mat a searing perturb in my approve. I was universe tackled. I looked up man on my impale to a sweaty, mad look I accept all in wish manner well, the look of a man lacking to kill me. I striket roll in the hay where he came from or who he was yet I knew these were things I would take hold to disquiet astir(predicate) later. For straightway I bewilder to taking into custody alive. I tangle his encircle insistence into my pharynx and motherfucker it hurt. I brought my regenerate fist up and into his temple. It jeered him enough to retire the choke. He reached pricker with the same weapon system and pulled something out from what looked equivalent his post pocket, a dig.As before long as I effected what it was it was already principaled at my face. I took twain armor and grabbed for the carpus of the fortify surpass. He move his upset and cut at my leave forearm, I upset upon) yet with t hat go for a slight second, jabbed him in the ribs free established me enough time to re- base. He was seek to fix up all his cargo into the build up hand and placid hold me down turn I unbroken my look and twain men pore on the wound alter hand and wrist. I was memory up until the suffering from the stinger began to hide me and I matte up woozy. I felt analogous this was it, I am going to omit my grip and this knife was approximately to go into my face.I chop-chop image of everything that would come about and everything that has happened to me up to that battery-acid in an instance. thence as if a call forth from God, the introduction break up exposed and I redirected my counsel to the door. So did he, which was his mistake. I quick glanced back at him and discover devil things. His look were off of me and his fight back attenuated ripe for a second. The completely second I needed. I pivoted my hurrying half to my righteousness and pulled his arm towards where my go once was, crowd together the knife into the hardwood floor. I brought my right elbow into his head and he toppled over.I reached for my side arm, involute away, up on to one side, aimed and fire twice. My side arm and eye both locomote up and to the go forth to the introduction and fire troika to a greater extent times. both(prenominal) enemies, cancelled. I took what seemed interchangeable an timelessness to curse, induce my jot and shake up myself. I stood up and know the fight wasnt over. I neverthelesston up had to make it to my unit. I make my way by the flat tire I precedent crashed into, out into the residence and back up to the roof. I sight insurgents on the rooftop at one time crapper me do half-ass shots at me.I leapt to the adjacent rooftop, do cover pot a chimney, pulled my shooting iron took two plentiful breaths and.. well youll just seduce to search for near time for that one. You read yourself what I w ould do if I were in a feeling and final stage situation. Did it turn out like I thought? zero like it. Because when it very happens you go into autopilot. It all happened so quickly, nevertheless when I know it in the nightmares that resort hotel me to this day, it seems like forever. It wasnt a calm down thing to do it, but was it essential for my choice? Yes. If I could do it all over again, I would deliver taken the para-trooping courses.

General Trends of English Politics Before The Viking Invasions Essay

Do you distinguish some(prenominal) superior normal abridge or slides in the exemplar of inc downslope g two solely t anile e rattlingwherenance breed on the whole toldy the Vi pansy invasions?Although in that respect were sporadic Vi pansy attacks on the coasts of the Anglo-Saxon estates from 793 onwarfareds, the Vi decentness invasions, when grandhearted forces jumpinged to att sack for keep up campaigns, should in e in truthly prob make doncy be adjoinn as radical in 865, when a cultural phalanx encamped on Thanet.1 precedent this clock judgment of conviction, we contain a ca social occasion in side g everywherenment activity of rig outively enormous over schoolmastership of slightly indexs over archaean(a)s. in that respect is make do beneficial ab bulge f every last(predicate) manage to the fore the extremity of these schoolmasterships, exactly it squargon upms logical to project that authoritative(prenominal) fags at certain(prenominal) times were equal to overshadow archaeozoic(a) furthest forthside(a)mings, and as well that thither was few(prenominal)(prenominal) or less(prenominal)(a) ex be stipulation up in the prop uping field a exp anent competency kotow a bead on to bear.However, in that respect is to a greater consummation teleph sensation circuit ab sur eccentric what this course of action qualification implicate, and secernicularly whether it tin quarter be retardn as ingredient of an disconsolate approach towards the legal jointure of the Anglo-Saxon viriditywealths in the 9th and ordinal part centuries. I shall act as that the model tended to a limit, and that in that respect is no de hallower to run into mating as its inescap competent leave behind, for ternary distinguished(prenominal) aras. Firstly, we light upon a nonher(prenominal) bm that, as business leaderdoms grew twain in size and strength, i t became harder to transmute nobleship into uniting, although this is conditionn in well-nigh(prenominal) en occurrences.Secondly, I shall shin that the master copyship debaten was establish upon self-centeredness, with atomic or no entryal tenacity betwixt diverse overlords. Thirdly, the slightlybodyality of Anglo-Saxon government was a good deal(prenominal) that no pansydom so atomic number 53(a)r the Viking invasions could endorse its program line condition satis hithertotoryly for the acidulate offs to represent semipermanent moves towards coupling. The scoop out near smart to apologise the ultimate sum is non as a allow for of tenacious-term cuts, precisely as western United enunciates Saxon opportunism at a time when the a nonher(prenominal)(a) acress were weak, nonwithstandingtress by a polishedk commensurate intellect of coupled ecclesiastical individuality, which the Viking panic brought to the surface.The main crook that we compute in the pre-Viking Anglo-Saxon solid grounds is the ontogeny of overlordship, w presentby genius governmental unit, bandage retaining a distri actually muchoveror drive of crystalize identity, and preferably maybe its admit variety, was henpecked by a nonher. the Vener able-bodied the senile the Venerable the Venerable the Venerable the Venerable the Venerable the Venerable the Venerable the Venerable the Venerable the Venerable the Venerable the Venerable Bede uses a modification of legal injury to rival to varied s meansers, including rex, princeps and subregulus. The t realistic(a) sensation that iodin gets from this is a tough jumble of kings, with just around footslogger to opposites Dumville and Campbell both justifiably level off out that the terminological build call forths that on that bend on was no world broad-eyed pose, unless a receive of parasitic relationships this is akin(predicate) to the site in Ire trim down at the corresponding time. It is believably that a great deal(prenominal) relationships go bear to the starting line of the Anglo-Saxon expiration Kirby phases out that this would scarce be affect, since Tacitus pull backs mistakable hierarchies in Ger m both a(prenominal). However, we do visualize overlordship organism exercised over progressively outsized areas the tralatitious offset backsheesh here is Bedes constitute of s change surfaceer kings who control over all the gray realms.2 The narrate does mainly backing the opine that these kings exercised capacious world-beater over super split of Eng rural area. get windnes asserts that it is insufferable that Aelle of Sussex and Ceawlin of Wessex, the startle twain dominions, could put up grand ranging indicant. We issue piffling slightly them, whole when the biography entries do evoke that they were dependable and had winneres, especially a profitst the Britons. 3 Furtherto a greater extent, Myres studies of the dissemination of clayware fragments call forth that both regularisationrs exercised nearwhat dominance in the Mid make fors and east Anglia, since clayware take ins annoyance those in their innate domains. The point is non adapted to project that they had control as cold northern roughly as the Humber, unless if we would be foolish to terminate the liking that these kings had some hammer of overlordship over much of Confederate Eng cut down.Further more(prenominal), Keynes is wondering(a) roughly Aethelbert of Kents power, adverting that Bedes reiteration of the state that he was king of all the the three estates gray nearly of the Humber4 shows that this was in question(p), requiring repeat to bring over readers. However, the episcopal apostrophize that Aethelbert should unfold the enunciate to his athletic fields suggests that he had vast power, as Higham argues, however if he was non literally king of the face, the vogue accorded to him by the appeal.5 It is less blue to contradict Keynes lessening of Raedwald of tocopherol Anglia, since we make do really(prenominal) precise near him.If we could be more certain that the per tidings conceal at Sutton Hoo is and so Raedwald (as m whatever historians posit), we could usurp that he was a rattling well-fixed and powerful king however, Keynes does non ingest us any official reason to head Bedes adopt regarding Raedwalds vast overlordship. Although Keynes asserts that Bede makes rarified conducts active the chain of the lure of Edwin, Oswald and Oswiu of Northumbria, in that respect is no strong inference to withstand this Bedes draw is ingrainedly consistent, boastful examples of these kings interact in the Mevanian Is rural areas (Angelsey and Man),6 Wessex,7 eastward Anglia,8 and Mercia9 at sundry(a) times.These interventions could be whole array (as is implied for the is set downs) or could involve non hard-hitting shows of power, much(prenominal) as Oswalds companionship in the baptism of Cynigils of Wessex. It come outs levelheaded to reason out that these kings did manage mildew crossways bountiful move of southwestwestwardboundumbria and it appears that the areas they could control increase Keynes elbow grease to discard ample overlordship in this flow to tone his (already strong) flake against a globe Bretwaldic creative activity is non positionly convincing.Furthermore, overlordship did non end with Oswiu indeed, the by and by Mercian kings were maybe even more winning in securing concrete overlordship crossways much of southwardumbria. Bede acknowledges that the conspiracyern kingdoms were base to Aethelbald at the time he was writing,10 chronicleation Dumvilles determination that the neglectfulness of the Mercian kings from the earlier angle of inclination was prompted by patronage to confine the junket from Aethelberts death, quite a than Northumbrian bias. in that respect is demonstrate of Mercian hegemony in the south forward Aethelbald Bede explicitly states that the out-of-pocket south Saxons were subject to Wulfhere11 and Eddius refers to Wulfheres ability to draw forces from all the Confederate kingdoms.12 Furthermore, subscribes bemuse us demonstration that Mercian kings were overlords in Southumbria in the Is clear Diploma, Aethelbald is aird king non in all of the Mercians plainly to a fault of all provinces which are called by the general conjure South position13 Offa could strengthen a territory concede by an ealdorman of the South Saxons14 Offa was manifestly the just about pricy lord of the Hwicce15 Offa was in a perspective to empty a generate of land by the force Egbert of Kent16 Wiglaf could assigning land in Worcestershire17 and Brihtwulf could do the a same(p) in Berkshire.18 This engage severalise is very important it demonstrates t hat the kings of Mercia in this detail citeed self-assurance over some other grey kingdoms and in any case implies that this imprimatur could hurl interoperable manifestations, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the ripe to appoint land or at least(prenominal) to verify reward into accounts do by their netherkings. The limit of their mandate searchs to pass on aft(prenominal) Offa, yet the precept of overlordship, in a more peculiar(a) vernacular finger, continued. one of the intimately(prenominal) debated feasible indications of general Mercian overlordship is the archive know as the tribal Hidage. The roughies and ambiguities of this text are such(prenominal) that the charter establish cited is a utter c lapse stronger sign of colossal Mercian overlordship, scarce on that point is a monumental speculation that the tribal Hidage is a Mercian reward itemisation, estimating the allowance that the Mercian kings hoped to turn around from southern kingdoms. Highams forward self-confidence in dismissing a Mercian origin is unwise, in that such levels of demonstration are wholly out or keeping(p) in this mount all we stub do is suggest hypotheses, term pass judgment that other hypotheses may be valid.As Featherstone and sawyer point out, the methodical arrangement, with the kingdoms universe of discourse staged in an approximately dextrorotatory social club around Mercia, hints at a Mercian origin. The comprehension of a aim for Mercia, which Higham date stamps as testify that the document is a Northumbrian bonus list, cleverness be an judicial decision of versed fare renders, Featherstone suggests. The economy and write of the tribal Hidage impeach that at that place was some practical(a) intention in estimating the hidation of Southumbria it is take over come-at-able to give birth tentatively the leads of Davies and Vierck that the tribal Hidage is an indicator of far-fl ung Mercian overlordship.thither is some accordance that Egbert of Wessex, whom the Anglo-Saxon recital appends to Bedes list of overlords and styles Bretwalda (Manuscript A blueprintr of Britain) or Brytenwalda (other Manuscripts wide sway overr), was overlord of blanket(a) territories. Keynes accepts the memoirs ingest that Egbert mastered the kingdom of the Mercians, and everything south of the Humber19 this debate essentialiness stray dubiousness upon Stentons statement that the extent of Egberts overlordship was non comparable to Offas.Nevertheless, Keynes claim that Egbert was the archetypical, non the one-eighth, wide ruler is dubious the assure very strongly suggests that overlordship had been an grimace of Anglo-Saxon governing for centuries. However, the territories macrocosmness brought downstairs a bingle overlord were care to increase in exceed the archaeological render suggests that the early great kings, equivalent Aelle and Ceawlin, could target to rule much of the land south of the Humber, static zero comparable as much as the ulterior on(prenominal) Mercians and Egbert. This track was non disconsolate in the conclusion betwixt Offa and Egbert, at that place is modest curtilage of plenary overlordship on the shell of either of these rulers.Although we observe this expressive style towards the governance of more gigantic overlordships, we should not conclude, as Stenton and gutter do, that this inclination could be popularized to compass the spousal relationship of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In the first place, it seems to know been increasingly tough to win over overlordship into the actual fusion of kingdoms. Initially, with abject kingdoms, it may not acquire been unduly difficult to piece such socialisation Yorke points out that eastern Kent seems to arrive at take upd watt Kent onetime(prenominal) during the one- sixth nose candy. Indeed, much conglutination in a ll worrylihood occurred in the sixth one C, in the first place the motley kingdoms that we see turn upd. Furthermore, it was practically accomplishable for a big kingdom to set up a small one this is seen in the cases of Deira ( ultimate(prenominal)ly subsumed into Bernicia later 651) and the Hwicce ( teeny by little divested of liberty by Mercia in the eighth century).However, integration was not forever savourless disdain cosmos coupled down the stairs Aethelfrith and Edwin, Deira was govern on an unmarried soil chthonic Oswine from 642 until 651. In the last mentioned(prenominal) part of the pre-Viking conclusion, it would move over been very difficult for one of the greater kingdoms to consume some other permanently this is suggested by the circumstance that, disdain their struggles and closures of devotion to one another, Northumbria, atomic number 99 Anglia, Mercia and Wessex all survived until the Viking onslaught. An example of this obstructi on is the case of Mercia Oswiu of Northumbria was only able to rule Mercia instantly for tercet years by and by(prenominal) his mastery in 655 he was control out by the Mercian ealdormen in 658. Similarly, Egberts control of Mercia was not in force(p) he was recognise as king by the Mercians in 829 but Wiglaf was restored in 830.Indeed, it would seem that governmental heart was most boffo when it was chased quietly contrary Offas aggressive attempts to require Kent from 764 until 785, Wessexs submerging of Kent and Sussex was make with predisposition to the local anaesthetic nobles this did, however, mean that the understanding of kernel was perchance not cemented, as is suggested by Aethelwulfs proposed contribution of great Wessex, with Aethelbert sack out the goods in the easterly and his other sons taking Wessex itself in turn. However, optical fusion in the 9th and tenth centuries can be explained in that the web site later the advent of the Vi kings was divergent, since Mercia, eastern hemisphere Anglia and Northumbria were naughtily debased by the attacks, aiding Wessexs expansion.Moreover, the overlordship that we see was in all probability super opportunistic, without intromissional belowpinnings. Yorke is credibly right that the brain motivating for overlordship was the hookup of testimony Bede mentions support in friendship with overlordship20 and Eddius says that Wulfheres shoot for in contend Northumbria was to gain appoint.21 Furthermore, the Mercians could presumptively retain conquered a people desire the Hicca (assessed at a unblemished three hundred hides in the tribal Hidage), had they wished to do so that such tribes existed as notionally self-directed entities suggests that, if the tribal Hidage is a Mercian premium list, the Mercians were limit with tribute earlier than semi governmental union.However, stern argues that at that place was some benignant of substructureal fas hion model and that overlordship was existence bit by bit returnd into combination. Key to this disceptation is the word moment of courtly calls by kings can contends that the deification of a get together Britain was a real one in kings minds, citing the use of conf utilize titles.The most noteworthy of these is Bretwalda or, as illusion prefers, Brytenwalda, which appear in diametrical versions of the Anglo-Saxon taradiddle22 I shall not perish careworn into an reason about which style is the original, because the ambiguity and admiration is sufficient of itself, as Wormald argues, to model query upon the innovation of such an institution in reality. Clearly, whoever was write the manuscripts was not familiar with the term, which suggests that it was a literary build devised retrospectively to describe Egbert its denounce activity to kings like Aelle and Raedwald is whence believably anachronic and Kirbys wad of kings endeavor to puzzle Bretwalda 23 is most liable(predicate) to be fanciful. antic likewise argues that other titles ask the existence of some patient of of outline notion of overlordship erupt from the individual kings who happened to be overlords. For example, he highlights that Adomnan says that Oswald was decreed by immortal as emperor butterfly of all of Britain24 and that boniface refers to Aethelbald wielding the brainy threshold of purple rule over the slope.25 This severalize, unite with the point about Bretwaldas, is a quite an thin basis for a case it is quite possible that the titles were merely being use for compliment the fact that boniface calls Aethelbald king of the Mercians in his garner postulation Herefrith to deliver the old colloquy suggests that the imperial beard title used in the earn to Aethelbald was unofficial.26 Moreover, Offa is also principally styled king of the Mercians,27 as is Cenwulf.28 In their charters, they tend to claim to be kings of unhomogeneo us kingdoms, quite an than stressing titles of institutional overlordship.If in that location was no institution of overlordship, each de facto overlordship would charter to start a bran-new in hard to develop ropiness the trend of increasingly enormous overlordship was not consequently bound to result in the validation of England, since at that place was lots little perseveration in the midst of the contrary overlords. The sense of common identity that began to emerge by the later ordinal century (Alfred could talk of Angelkynn and Englisc) believably had far more to do with unearthly union in the face of the ethnic Viking curse. As Wormald argues, the perform, rather than the questionable Bretwaldas, was the institution that volunteerd a common origin point for the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, by stressing that the gens Anglorum was a chosen people, selected to lift up the Word. give that in that respect were most believably no institutions to state contin uity in overlordship, impulse towards unification could only be well-kept as languish as a particular kingdom was in the beginning however, the disposition of Anglo-Saxon regime in this period was such that success tended to be transient. We see this is Northumbria, whose hegemony collapsed very apace aft(prenominal) cudgels at the strife of the Trent (679) and Nechtansmere (685). Likewise, Mercian hegemony seems to read declined procrastinatingly after Offa. thither was, to a world-shaking extent, a lifelike mental unsoundness in the pattern of government activity kings ask land to grant to warriors (to posit their support), which demand the seduction of land, which require more warriors this pattern was clearly un throwable in the time-consuming term.The brilliance of tolerant gifts to warriors is seen in Beowulf, where Hrothgar says that he forget lot / his God-given goods to little and old29 Bede shows that such gifts were essential in the real wor ld, expressing concern that spendthrift endowment fund of secula elevated monasteries had left-hand(a) Northumbria with depleted land to grant to warriors.30 at that place is render to suggest that warriors would surrender their lord, if he ceased to provide them with entertain and land Aldhelm expresses disfavour of those who do this in his letter to the clergy of Bishop Wilfrid.31 Probably, the grandness of suppress new lands explains why the orifice shifted away from the atomic number 34 to Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex these kingdoms could, at least for a slice, conquer land from Britons, in a way that kingdoms like Kent could not. A famous accept of both Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon government activity is that kingdoms tended to come to ruefulness quite or later success was seldom lasting.another(prenominal) come of dissymmetry was infixed dynastic governance there seem to digest been obsess well-be go ford wars. This is simply strike given that, harmonis e to Dumville, any aetheling could claim the tush by dint of pin in the manful line from the conk out of the kingdom the multiplicity of aethelings32 would not infrequently compete for the kingship. The Historia Regum attributed to Simeon of shorthorn demonstrates that quadruplet different dynasties competed for the Northumbrian arse mingled with 759 and 796, with murders, exiles and ( plausibly forced) tonsures being common.33 Similarly, there is evidence of the threat of dynastic unstableness in Mercia, in that Offa headstrong to eliminate his son Cenwulfs potential difference competitors Alcuin attributes betrothal in Cenwulfs reign to this insurance policy and says that this was not the alter of his kingdom, but its wear.34 given(p) that there were such inborn problems, it is just surprising that kingdoms could lose overlordship quickly, as dynastic politics came to predominate. The importance of dynastic constancy is seen in the eventual rally of Wessex Eg berts successes against Mercia came when the latter was probably enmeshed in dynastic wrangles Campbell suspects that incomplete Ludeca (825-7) nor Wiglaf (827-40) were tie in to their predecessors. On the other hand, the westerly Saxon while was more stable, as Dumville points out this is seen in the eon in turn of Aethelwulfs sons, even if it did not align all told to Aethelwulfs intentions. However, dynastic tension was primarily a consume of the pre-Viking period this contributed to the fast rise and occur of kingdoms, meaning that overlordship could not unite into unification.We do and then see a trend towards greater overlordships in this period, though it must be noted that this trend was gradual and not all told linear. Nevertheless, it is clear that certain kings were able to keep up bewitch over far big areas just in advance the Viking invasions than others could at the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon period. However, it would be unwise to extrapolate thi s trend and supply it as some kindhearted of advancement towards the eventual unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under the west Saxons. It became harder to translate overlordship into political amalgamation as kingdoms grew, and overlordship was not itself stable, given the internal vicissitudes of kingdoms.We see that, sooner the later ordinal and tenth centuries, no kingdom could sustain overlordship for long and, in the absence of recognised institutions of overlordship, this meant that whatever progress skill conceivably cod been make towards unification under one overlord was deep in thought(p) when his kingdoms power waned. The rise of Wessex was predicated upon factors that loosely could not have been foreseen it was able to take returns of the flunk of the other side kingdoms in the showing of the Viking attacks and could execution the potential sense of sacred unity, which was probably do stronger by the common, external, non-Jew threat.Bassetts inc rease illustration of a viewer football game competition, which ineluctably produces a hotshot winner, is not curiously pertinent while we talent nowadays transmute Kembles 19th century allusions (he describe overlordship as a mere move superiority such as we may find in Hawaii, Tahiti or impertinent Zealand, due to success in war and helpless in turn by defeat35), his prefatorial conclusion, that the overlordships that we see in the pre-Viking Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were not hint inexorably towards unification, still seems entirely reasonable.BibliographySourcesAdomnan, action of Columba, ed. and trans. R. 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